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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three components/criteria for abnormal behavior?
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Deviance: regulated by social norms
Distress: to self or others Dysfunction/Maladaptive behavior: interferes with daily living for self and society |
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Which mental disorders account for 4 out of the top 10 causes of disability in America?
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Major Depression, Schizophrenia, Bipolar, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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What is the Vulnerability-Stress Model?
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The degree of vulnerability for a psychological disorder given a sufficient stressor.
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What is the Biopsychosocial approach?
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All behavior is a result of the interaction between nature, nurture and personal factors (psychology)
one may have a genetic predisposition to a disorder but never develop it. |
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What are the five axis of the DSM IV?
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Axis I - Clinical Syndromes
Axis II - personality disorders and/or mental retardation Axis III- General Medical Conditions Axis IV - psychosocial and environmental problems Axis V - Global Assessment of Functioning (0-100) |
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What is the description and 4 components of Anxiety Disorders as a category?
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Anxiety is a state of tension and apprehension, disorders are characterized by frequency and intensity that is out of proportion with the situation.
Mos common disorder in the US (~19%) Four Components 1) Emotional components: dread, fear, stressed out and tension 2) Cognitive Components: worrisome thoughts 3) Physiological Responses: high HR, BP, muscle tension 4) Behavioral Responses: avoidance, poor performance, exaggerated responses |
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Describe (Specific) Phobic Disorder
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Def: excessive, unreasonable, persistent fear of a specific object or situation
Immediate anxiety produced by exposure to object (or thought of it) Avoidance of feared situation onset: childhood |
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Describe Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Def: A chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat.
Needs to be present for most days for 6 months symptoms: restlessness, easily fatigued, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbances, inattention Frequently exists with depression Onset: ~20 years old |
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What is a Panic Attack?
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Discrete bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach an peak with in 10 minutes and eventually pass.
can occur with in any anxiety disorder high HR, seating, trouble breathing, feeling going crazy, fear of dying, trembling, chest pain - often confused with heart attacks |
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Describe Panic Disorder
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Def: characterized by panic attacks that occur repeatedly and unexpectedly. A dysfunctional change in thinking occurs: one is terribly afraid of when an attack will occur again
Often avoidance occurs which may lead to agoraphobia Onset: late adolescence to mid 30s |
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Describe Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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def: persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions)
obsessions are aversive and hard to dismiss or control; compulsions are repetitive, , and performed to reduce anxiety Common themes are contamination/dirt, violence/aggression, orderliness, religion, and sexuality onset: adolescence and early adulthood |
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Describe Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
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def: psychological disturbances attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event
person re-experiences traumatic event via vivid flashbacks, haunting memories, and nightmares social withdrawal, jumpy, anxiety, insomnia 1/4 War veterans and 2/3 POWs onset: any age |
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What is the etiology of Anxiety Disorders?
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Genetics: moderate genetic disposition (twin studies)
possible abnormalities in neurotransmitters involving serotonin Anxiety Sensitivity - more sensitive to internal symptoms - Misinterpret neutral stimuli as threats - Recall more threatening info - Catastrophic thinking |
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How do psychologists explain anxiety disorders?
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Acquisition through classical conditioning
maintained though operant conditioning: avoidance is negatively reinforced Preparedness: biologically predisposed by evolutionary history to fear certain stimuli ex. ancient fears like snakes and spiders |
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Describe the category Somatoform Disorders.
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def: physical symptoms with out organic cause
characterized by a combination of: pain, gastrointestinal, sexual, and psuedo neurological symptoms (impaired coordination or balance) onset: by age 25 |
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Describe Conversion Disorder
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def: characterized by a significant loss of physical function with out organic cause, usually in a single organ system
symptoms or deficits affect voluntary motor or sensory function preceeded by a conflict or stressor onset: early adulthood |
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Describe Somatization Disorder
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def: marked by a history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin.
often coexists with depression and anxiety disorders victims reports endless minor physical ailments that seem to wax and wane in response to stress complaints are often diverse |
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Describe Hypochodriasis
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def: preoccupation with fears of having, or the idea of having a disease based on misinterpretations of bodily systems
fears persist despite medical reassurance occurs for at least 6 mo onset: most common in early adulthood |
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Describe the category Dissociative Disorders
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def: a class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory resulting in disruptions of their sense of identity
a breakdown of normal personality integration, resulting in significant alterations of memory |
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What are dissociative Amnesia and fugue
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Psychogenic amnesia: losses of memory for stressful events
Psychogenic Fugue: the loss of memory of one's entire life along with sense of personal identity (remembers matters unrelated to id like how to drive) |
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Describe Dissociative Identity Disorder and its etiology.
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def:two or more separate, complete personalities with in one person
alternate personalities often have traits that are foreign to the original personality Etiology: Trauma Dissociation Theory: development of new personalities occurs in response to stress (coping mechanism) ex. sexual abuse victims |
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Describe the Mood Disorder class.
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marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to physical, perceptual, social and thought processes.
range from depression to elation, to irritability to mania tend to be episodic |
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Describe Major Depressive Episode
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def: an intense depressed state that leave one unable to function in life (up to 2 weeks)
Five Cardinal Symptoms 1) Negative Mood: sadness, misery, guilt, loneliness, hopelessness/helplessness 2) Anhedonia: not enjoying activities that one used to enjoy 3) Cognitive Symptoms: problems concentrating and making decisions, pessimism, low self-worth 4) Motivational Symptoms: no drive to start anything, psychomotor retardation 5) Somatic Symptoms: loss/increase in appetite or weight, disturbance in sleep and sexual functioning/desire. |
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Describe Major Depressive Disorder
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Meets Criteria for a major depressive episode for 2 weeks or more
may have recurrent episodes unipolar = no manic episodes Onset: any age, avg. ~40 years, 50% have an onset between 20 and 50 |
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Describe Bipolar Disorder
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def: characterized by experience of one or more manic episodes and periods of depression
Manic Phase: rapid speech, inflated self-esteem, impulsiveness, euphoria, decreased need for sleep Depressed Phase: moody and sad with feelings of hopelessness person cycles between phases and normal state onset: Childhood - 50 years old (avg. 30) |
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Describe Dysthymia
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experiences depressed state for a majority of the day for more days then not for 2 years (chronic)
has never been with out symptoms for more then 2 months never been a manic episode |
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Biology/Etiology of Mood Disorders
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Genetics: 67% concordance between identical twins for depression and 4-24% between 1st degree relatives with Bipolar Disorder
Neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine Mania: over production Depression: underproduction of serotonin Cognitive theories: one believes they are defective, worthless and inadequate -->Learned Helplessness: "giving up" behavior |
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Describe the class of Eating Disorders
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Characterized by sever disturbances in eating behaviors and preoccupation with weight and controlling weight
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Describe Anorexia Nervosa and it's subtypes.
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Criteria: refusal to maintain body weight, intense fear or gaining weight, disturbance in body perception, absence of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles
Restricting Type: no binging or purging behavior, starvation Binge-eating/Purging Type: episodes of binging or Purging No understanding of negative effects of condition 10% long-term mortality rate - death often occurs from starvation, suicide or electrolyte imbalance 70% recovery rate, takes 6-7 years |
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Describe Bulimia Nervosa and it's subtypes.
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Criteria: Binge eating (large amount of intake, feeling out of control), Compensatory Behavior induced by guilt (vomiting, laxatives, fasting, exercise), self-evaluation is influenced by body
Purging Type: during episodes individual purges Non-purging type: no use of purging but still engages in compensatory behavior Typically body weight is maintained May develop cardiac, dental, metabolic and GI problems More likely to recognize behaviors as a problem 70% recovery rate |
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How are Anorexia and Bulimia different?
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Bulimia: less or no weight component, behavior is dictated by guilt, may have a better understanding of the maladaptive nature of their disorder
Anorexia: behavior is dictated by fear, there more more physical effects, no recognition of problem |
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Etiology of Eating Disorders
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Weak genetic factor
Personality factors: individual is obsessive, a perfectionist or rigid Societal and cultural values emphasize meeting societal norms and ideals Family Factors: struggle for independence leads to extreme control over body, family emphasizes meeting societal norms |
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What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?
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Delusions - erroneous, bizarre beliefs
Presence of inappropriate behaviors Hallucinations - false sensory perceptions Bizarre Behaviors Disorganized ideas or flights of speech |
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What are the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?
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absence of appropriate behaviors (ex. hygiene or eating)
Flattened emotions Lack of energy Changes in speech |
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What are the primary psychotic symptoms and criteria for diagnosis of Schizophrenia.
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Psychotic symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior
Criteria: 2 symptoms for a majority of 1 mo. neg. symptoms for 6 mo. symptoms must cause dysfunction |
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What are the five themes of Delusions?
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Delusions are the misinterpretations of perceptions or experiences.
Persecutory - being persecuted by other, being spied on Referential - the subject of reference Somatic - feels things crawling on their skin religious - receiving messages from God Grandiose - think they have amazing abilities or very important |
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What are the three subtypes of Schizophrenia?
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Paranoid type: delusions of persecution and/or grandeur --> think they are worth persecuting
Catatonic type: either in a catatonic stupor (maintains bizarre postures for long periods of time) or excessive motor activity Disorganized type: behavior is erradic and disorganized with no goal, incoherent speech, inappropriate emotional responses |
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Etiology of Schizophrenia
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Genetics: 48% in ID twins, 17% in fraternal twins, 46% in children with 2 schizophrenic parents
Brain chemistry: an excess of dopamine is hypothesized to cause it; a dysfunctional decrease in metabolic activity in the prefrontal cortex |
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What are personality disorders and characterization?
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Disorders characterized by deeply ingrains inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others that impairs social functioning.
Measured on Axis II of DSM IV Clusters: Odd-Eccentric, Dramatic-Impulsive, Avoidant-Inhibited |
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Which personality disorders are in the Odd-Eccentric Cluster? Describe them
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Schizotypal: showing social deficits and oddities of thinking, perception and communication resembling schizophrenia
Paranoid: suspiciousness and mistrusting, overly sensitive and prone to jealousy Schizoid: social withdrawal, lonely, takes pleasure in few activities, avoid eye contact, don't desire close relationships |
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Which personality disorders are in the Dramatic-Impulsive Cluster? Describe them.
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Anti-social: manipulative and exploitative, superficially charming, history of early misconduct, exhibits little anxiety or guilt, interpersonally destructive
Borderline: unstable in self-image, relationships, and mood, impulsive, in a constant state of crisis Histrionic: need to be center or attention, eager to cooperate, overly dramatic and exaggerated, exhibits seductive behavior and temper tantrums to get attention Narcissistic: Heightened sense of self-importance and grandiose feelings of uniqueness, egocentric, preoccupied w/fantasies of power, success and beauty; arrogant and lacks empathy |
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Which personality disorders are in the Avoidant-Inhibited Cluster? Describe them.
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Avoidant: Socially withdrawn, extreme sensitivity to rejection, restraint in relationships, avoid activities for fear of rejection or criticism
Dependent: chronic illness, look for guidance, fear of being left to take care of self, desires nurturance Obsessive-Compulsive: Orderliness, inflexibility, perfectionism, less extreme then disorder |
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What is the Psychoanalytical approach? Describe free association, dream analysis and transference.
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-Aims to uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses by bringing the unconscious into the conscious.
-Free association: the spontaneous expression of thoughts and emotions as the occur -Dream Analysis: interpretations of symbolic meaning of one's dreams -Transference: client unconsciously relates to their therapist in ways that mimic important relationships in their lives. |
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How does client-centered therapy approach treatment?
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unconditional supportive therapy to facilitate exploration and client growth from reliance on others to reliance on self
encourages client to take responsibility for their actions focuses of present and future believes distress is a result of incongruence between one's self concept and reality Therapist attributes: unconditional positive regard, empathy and genuineness |
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How does Behavioral Therapy treat patients?
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Therapy aims to remove maladaptive behaviors.
Operates under the assumption that behavior is learned and can be unlearned unconcerned with insight or internal change Systematic Desensitization: gradual exposure through an anxiety hierarchy to weaken bond between stimulus and anxiety response Relaxation training: progressive muscle relaxation and breathing techniques (jump start parasympathetic nervous system) |
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How is Aversion Therapy used?
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Creates a negative response to undesirable behaviors.
effective in habits and addictions impeded by cognition (if person knows negative stimulus is not present there is nothing stopping them) |
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How is cognitive therapy used as treatment?
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uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors and irrational thought that underlie various disorders
teaches people new more adaptive ways of thinking through rehearsal, modeling and monitoring. aimed at disorders fueled by dysfunctional thinking (depression and anxiety) |
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What is Biomedical Therapy?
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def: physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders
psychopharmacotherapy: treatment of mental disorders with medication Antipsychotics - reduce hallucinations, delusions, disorganization (reduce dopamine activity) Antianxiety - relieve tension, nervousness (depress CNS0 antidepressants - reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms (inhibits serotonin reuptake) |
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What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?
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def; a brief electric current is sent through the brain causing a cortical seizure and convulsions
Originally used for schizophrenia but is now used for severe depression - reduces risk for suicide - works immediately - 60-70% of people improve - relapse rate is high - short term side effects |
