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86 Cards in this Set
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historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth
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Humanistic psychology
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the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
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Nature- Nurture Issue
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The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to the succeeding generations
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Natural Selection
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the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
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Levels of Analysis
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an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
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Biopsychosocial Approach
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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Basic Research
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Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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Applied Research
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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
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Counseling Psychology
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A branch of psychology that studies, asses, and treats people with psychological disorders
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Clinical psychology
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A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
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Psychiatry
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the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (I knew it all along…)
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Hindsight Bias
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thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
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Critical Thinking
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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
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Theory
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a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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Hypothesis
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a statement of the procedures used to define research variables.
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Operational Definition
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repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
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Replication
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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Culture
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every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
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Environment
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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences of behavior
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Behavior genetics
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structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
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Chromosomes
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a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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the biochemical units of hereditary that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein
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Genes
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twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
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Identical Twins
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twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment
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Fraternal Twins
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a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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Temperament
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the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
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Heritability
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in psychology, occurs when the effect of one factor (such as an environment) depends on another factor (such as hereditary)
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Interaction
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the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
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Molecular Genetics
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the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
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Evolutionary Psychology
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the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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Natural Selection
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a random error in gene replication that leads to change
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Mutation
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in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
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Gender
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the enduring behaviors ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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Culture
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an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior, describe “proper” behavior
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Norm
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buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
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Personal Space
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giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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Individualism
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giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
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Collectivism
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physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
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Aggression
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the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two
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X Chromosome
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the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child
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Y Chromosome
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The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but males have more to stimulate the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
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Testosterone
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expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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Role
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a set of expected behaviors for males and other females
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Gender Role
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One’s sense of being male or female
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Gender Identity
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the acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine role
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Gender-Typing
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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
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Social Learning Theory
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the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
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Gender Schema Theory
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The fertilized egg; 2 wee period of rapid cell division and development into an embryo
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Zygote
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The developing human organism from 2 weeks through the second month
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Embryo
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The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
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fetus
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agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
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teratogens
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physical and cognitive abnormalities caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking, including facial misproportions
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
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rooting reflex
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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
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maturation
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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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schema
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interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
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assimilation
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adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
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accomodation
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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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cognition
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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to 2 yrs of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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sensorimotor stage
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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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object permanence
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in Piaget's theory the stage from 2 to 7 yrs during which a child learns to use language but doesn't comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
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preoperational stage
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the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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conservation
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in Piaget's theory, the pre-operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
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egocentrism
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People's ideas about their own and others' mental states about their feelings, perceptions and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
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theory of mind
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a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
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autism
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in Piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development from 7 to 11 during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
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concrete operational stage
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in Piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development beginning at age 12 during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
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formal operational stage
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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
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stranger anxiety
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an emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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attachment
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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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critical period
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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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imprinting
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According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
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basic trust
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transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
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adolescence
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the period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
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puberty
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the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
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primary sex characteristics
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nonreprooductive sexual characteristic, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
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secondary sex characteristics
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the first menstrual period
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menarche
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One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
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identity
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in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
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intimacy
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the time of natural cessation of menstruation; biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
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menopause
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a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of the memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning
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Alzheimer's disease
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a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
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cross-sectional study
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research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time
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longitudinal study
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one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
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crystallized intelligence
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one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
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fluid intelligence
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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
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social clock
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