Psych 104 Final

Front 1

The study to determine if there is an association between caloric sweetener consumption and blood lipids is a type of _ research because the study is providing info about the behavior of blood lipids.

Back 1

Basic

Hint 1

Basic or Applied?

Front 2

The amount of advertising of unhealthy foods on television is studied to determine whether a relationship exists between the advertising and the rate of childhood obesity.

Back 2

applied

Hint 2

This study provides information that might be used to improve children's health.

Front 3

As a researcher, before you consider the research design for your study, you first need to:

Back 3

Create a research hypothesis

Hint 3

A. Gather data

B. Determine conceptual variables

C. Determine operational variables

D. Change question into research hypothesis

Front 4

Define basic research

Back 4

Research that answers fundamental questions about behavior

Hint 4

Example: study areas of the brain to determine areas most affected by alcohol.

Front 5

Define applied research

Back 5

Investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems

Hint 5

Example: survey college students to determine the average amount of alcohol consumed weekly, so alcohol awareness programs can be developed.

Front 6

Describe a research hypothesis

Back 6

Predicts an association between two variables that are identified conceptually and exist in a specifically defined population.

Hint 6

Example: and association exists between consumption of added sugar and blood lipid levels in US adults.

Front 7

Define conceptual variable

Back 7

abstract ideas that form the basis of the research hypothesis

Hint 7

In " participating in psychotherapy will reduce anxiety," conceptual variable = participating in psychotherapy

Front 8

Describe an empirical study

Back 8

- verifiable data is systematically collected and objectively analyzed

- excludes personal bias, emotions, opinions

- verified by analysis of data that has been objectively observed, measured, and undergone experiments

Front 9

Steps of scientific method

Back 9

1. Identify a practical problem that is in need for further research, found in scientific literature

2. Form a Research hypothesis

3. Conduct an empirical study

4. Conclusions from result of study

5. Write an article

Hint 9

5 step cycle

Front 10

Define descriptive research design

Back 10

Designed to provide a snapshot of the current state of affairs

Hint 10

3 methods

Front 11

What three methods underlie descriptive research?

Back 11

Case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation

Front 12

Define correlational research design

Back 12

Designed to discover relationships among variables; does not infer that one variable cause a change in another variable (non-causal)

Hint 12

Height and weight are correlational

*Scatter plot

Non-causal

Front 13

Define experimental research design

Back 13

To assess the causal impact of one or more experimental manipulation on a dependent variable

Hint 13

Includes independent and dependent variables.

Example: does viewing violence cause an increase in aggressive behavior?

Front 14

Define quasi-experimental design

Back 14

Compared to groups that already exist in population; chosen without random assignments and no controlling for extraneous variables

Hint 14

Does spanking increase aggression?

...

Unethical to assign one group to spank.

...

Variable? Do non-spanking families watch violent tv?

Front 15

Define independent variable

Back 15

Causing variable that is manipulated by the experimenter

Front 16

Define dependant variable

Back 16

Measured variable that is expected to be influenced by the manipulation

Front 17

Theory

Back 17

General statement that predict or explain different outcomes of relationships between variables

Front 18

Hypothesis

Back 18

Specific prediction of the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested

Hint 18

Often use future tense

Front 19

Operational definition

Back 19

A precise statement of how a variable in a study will be observed and measured

Front 20

Neuron cell in the nervous system whose function is to receive and transmit information

Back 20

Made of 3 main parts

Front 21

Soma

Back 21

Contains the nucleus of the cell and keeps the cell alive

Hint 21

Cell body

Front 22

Dendrite

Back 22

Receives messages from other cells and sends those messages to the soma

Hint 22

Branching, tree-lined fiber surrounding soma

Front 23

Axon

Back 23

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Hint 23

Long, segmented fiber

Front 24

Myelin sheath

Back 24

Fatty tissue that covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

Hint 24

Surrounds axon

Front 25

Terminal button

Back 25

Store neurotransmitters before they are released

Hint 25

At tip of axon branch

Front 26

Synapse

Back 26

Space between the neuron cells, where signals are transfered from one neuron to another

Front 27

Neurotransmitter

Back 27

chemical that relays signals across the synapses between neurons

Hint 27

Terminal Button 》dendrites

Front 28

Describe the electro chemical processes by which neurons transmit signals

Back 28

1. Action Potential the terminal button

2. Neurotransmitters are released

3. Pass through the synaptic gap

4. Bind onto the receiving neuron

5. Reuptake of Neurotransmitters that did not bind

Front 29

Seratonin function

Back 29

Sleep, mood, appetite, aggression

Hint 29

Low levels related to depression

Front 30

Dopamine function

Back 30

Involved with the experiences of pleasure and emotions such as love

Hint 30

Too much = schizophrenia

Front 31

Oldest part of the brain?

Back 31

Brain stem

Hint 31

Innermost structure

Front 32

Medulla

Back 32

Controls heart rate and breathing

Hint 32

Tip of spinal chord as it enters the brain

Front 33

Pons

Back 33

Helps control movement of the body; balance and walking

Hint 33

Above medulla

Front 34

Reticular Formation

Back 34

Arousal and attention

Hint 34

Runs through medulla and pons

Front 35

What parts make up the Brain Stem?

Back 35

Medulla, pons, Reticular Formation

Hint 35

3 parts

Front 36

Thalmus

Back 36

Filters sensory info from spinal chord; relays remaining signals to higher brain levels

Hint 36

Above brain stem

Front 37

Cerebellum

Back 37

Controls involuntary movement, including overall balance and coordination

Hint 37

"Little Brain"

Front 38

Acetylcholine (ACh) function

Back 38

muscle contraction, memory, sleeping, and dreaming

Hint 38

Located in the spinal chord and brain

Front 39

Endorphin function

Back 39

vigorous exercise, orgasm, and eating spicy foods

Front 40

GABA function

Back 40

When deficient: involuntary motor actions

Hint 40

Seizures, tremors, anxiety

Front 41

Glutamate function

Back 41

Most common, found in a certain food additive

Front 42

Amygdala

Back 42

Aggression and fear

Hint 42

2 almond - shaped clusters

Front 43

Hypothalamus

Back 43

Regulate body temperature, hunger, thirst, sex drive

Hint 43

Knowing you feel full after eating a big meal

Front 44

Hippocampus

Back 44

Stores info in long-term memory

Hint 44

Story about the "good old days"

Front 45

Limbic System and it's parts

Back 45

Memory and emotions; amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus

Hint 45

3 parts

Front 46

Left brain

Back 46

Speak, write, understand language, complex movement

Hint 46

What are left brained people better at? Math.

Front 47

Right brain

Back 47

Perception, recognition (faces, patterns)

Hint 47

What are right brained people better at? Art.

Front 48

PET Scan

Back 48

Invasive imaging technique that provides color-coded images of brain activity

Hint 48

Tested while performing a task

Front 49

EEG

Back 49

Record electrical activity produced by the brain's neurons

Hint 49

Performed while asleep or awake

Front 50

TMS

Back 50

Magnetic pulses are applied to the brain of living persons to temporarily deactivate a small brain region

Front 51

fMRI

Back 51

Uses a magnetic field to create images of grace and beauty in each brain area

Hint 51

Patient lives on a bed in a large cylindrical structure

*Grey's Anatomy scenes

Front 52

Central Nervous System and parts

Back 52

Brain and Spinal Chord

Controls reflexes, issues orders to muscles, glands, organs

Hint 52

Command center of body

Front 53

Peripheral Nervous system

Back 53

Contains autonomic nervous system ( regulates internal activities), link to body's sense receptors, muscle contraction

Hint 53

"Frontline"

Front 54

Differentiate between a sensory, motor, and inter neuron

Back 54

Sensory: carries info from sensory receptors

Motor: transmits info to muscles and glands

Inter: communication

Hint 54

Where do they carry info to/from?

Front 55

Homeostasis

Back 55

Normal state after having been in rapid action from SYMPATHETIC and calmed down by PARASYMPATHETIC

Hint 55

State

Front 56

Pituitary Gland

Back 56

Control body's growth

Hint 56

Pain, sex horomones, menstrual cycle

Front 57

Pineal Gland

Back 57

Regulating wake-sleep cycle, middle of brain

Hint 57

Melatonin

Front 58

what is the job of the Adrenal Gland?

Back 58

Regulating salt and water balance in the body

Hint 58

Adrenaline!

Front 59

Discrimination (in learning)

Back 59

To respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical

Hint 59

Feel hungry while in the kitchen, don't feel hungry in the living room.

Front 60

Extinction

Back 60

Respond less to when a stimulus is presented repeatedly

Hint 60

after you and your bf break up, "your song" eventually stops making you feel happy

Front 61

Spontaneous recovery

Back 61

Increase in response following a pause after extinction

Hint 61

Wait a while, then blow the whistle again and the dog salivates.

Front 62

Generalization

Back 62

Tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus

Hint 62

Scratch for food had same result as whistle for food.

Front 63

US UR CS

Back 63

Unconditional Stimulus: triggers a natural response

Unconditional Response: response that follows US

Conditioned Stimulus: after being presented repeatedly after US, evokes response

Hint 63

US = food

UR = salivation

CS = whistle

Front 64

Even though guns did not exist for most of human history, it is easy for humans to develop a phobia of them. true or false?

Back 64

False: more likely to fear things from evolutionary past

Hint 64

Where do phobias derive from?

Front 65

Operant conditioning

Back 65

Learning based on consequences of behavior and learning of new behaviors

Hint 65

Ex: the dog rolls over on command because it was praised for it in the past

Front 66

Classical conditioning

Back 66

Learning from natural behavior

Hint 66

US UR CS

Front 67

Law of effect

Back 67

Successful responses, because they are pleasurable, are "stamped in" and occur more frequently, and unsuccessful responses are "stamped out" and occur less frequently.

Hint 67

Ex: Thorndike's "cat in a puzzle box - hit lever to get to fish"

Front 68

+ vs. -

+ vs. -Reinforcement vs. Punishment

+ vs. -Reinforcement vs. Punishment

+ vs. -Reinforcement vs. Punishment

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

Back 68

Positive is added, negative is taken away.

Reinforcement strengthens a behavior

Punishment weakens a behavior

Front 69

Fixed ratio

Back 69

Behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses

Hint 69

Factory workers who are paid according to the number of products they produce.

Front 70

Variable ratio

Back 70

Behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

Hint 70

Son asked over and over again if he can play outside, eventually dad says okay so the kid will stop asking.

Front 71

Fixed interval

Back 71

Behavior is reinforced for the first response after a specific amount of time has passed

Hint 71

People who are a monthly salary

Front 72

Variable interval

Back 72

Behavior in response after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

Hint 72

Professor gives his students unannounced quizzes

Front 73

Semantic memory

Back 73

knowledge of facts and concept

Hint 73

Found under explicit memory

Front 74

Example of recognition test

Back 74

Multiple choice test

Front 75

Implicit vs explicit memory

Back 75

Implicit is automatic, unexplainable knowledge.

Explicit is conscious memory that can be intentionally remembered.

Hint 75

Implicit: walking

Explicit: remember what you wore to prom

Front 76

Stages of memory

Back 76

Sensory 》working 》long term

Front 77

Elaborative encoding

Back 77

Make material meaningful to you

Hint 77

Best way to get info into long-term memory

Front 78

Proactive interference

Back 78

Early learning impairs our ability to encode information that we try to learn later

Hint 78

Learning Italian ruined my Spanish

Front 79

Long term potentiation

Back 79

Strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons as result of frequent stimulation

Hint 79

Helps maintain info in LTM

Front 80

What part of the brain helps us with implicit memories?

Back 80

Cerebellum

Hint 80

Movement, motor control

Front 81

Hippocampus helps...

Back 81

Spatial relationships, context in which events were experienced, associations among memories

Hint 81

Long term memory

Front 82

Amygdala (in memory)

Back 82

Stores emotional memories, especially fear

Front 83

Overconfidence

Back 83

To be too certain about their ability to accurately remember events and make judgments

Hint 83

The witness was convinced that his estimation of the speed of the car leaving the scene was accurate.

Front 84

Misinformation effect

Back 84

Errors that occur when new info influences existing memories

Hint 84

"The car sped off" vs. "the car moved away from the scene" which car moved faster?

Front 85

Define confirmation bias

Back 85

Develop a schema about a person, only look for info that confirms the schema.

Hint 85

Ben only pays attention to good stories about Beth because they confirm his belief that she is a good person.

Front 86

Representativeness heuristic

Back 86

What we expect will happen, ignore relevant info

Hint 86

Ex: stereotype

Front 87

Availability heuristic

Back 87

Judge the likelihood that an event occurs based on how easily it can be retrieved from memory

Hint 87

Which has more? R= first letter, R= third letter?

Ben only sees Beth when she's friendly, stop he thinks she's a friendly person.