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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Heuristics |
GENERAL problem solving strategiees |
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Algorithms |
step-by-step, guaranteed to solve problem |
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Means-endanalysis
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breakingproblem down into series of sub-problems
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Analogies
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using past experience to solve current problem |
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fixation (problem with analogy) |
only using past method |
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functional fixedness (problem with analogy) |
fixated on usual functions |
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Who came up with the lamp problem? What happened? |
Dunker; group who was given box separately did better |
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Who came up with the term "mental set?" What does it mean? |
Luchin; retaininga old successful problem-solving procedure even though it is not effective inits current contextD21EC4A654} |
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Gick and Holyoak's studies |
Story studies. Decided past experience was helpful in very specific circumstances |
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Chi's study |
compared experts in physics toundergraduate physics majors. Novicesonly look at superficial characteristics of problems in order to groupthem. Professors gave explanation.
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Confirmation Bias |
Search for only information that supports one view |
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Hindsight Bias |
Report falsely that we expected an outcome |
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Availability Heuristic |
Predict probability based on ease of recall |
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Base-Rate fallacy |
ignore info about general principles |
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Representativeness Heuristic |
make judgments based on stereotypes |
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Reasoning |
mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusion |
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inductive reasoning |
Driven by data; Bottom-up; Specific-general. |
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deductive reasoning |
driven by logic; top-down; general-specific |
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Syllogistic reasoning |
PREMISES - conclusion |
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Conditional reasoning |
if-then statements to reach a conclusion |
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Affirming the antecedent |
Valid |
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Denying the antecedent |
Not valid |
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Affirming the consequent |
not valid |
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Denying the consequent |
valid |
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Phoneme |
smallest unit of sound |
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morpheme |
meaning put into sound |
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Semantics |
meaning of words and sentences
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Pragmatics |
Use of language |
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Arbitrariness |
units of language that have arbitrary relationship to what they represent |
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Generativity
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from a set of finite fundamental units, infinite meaning is possible
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Generational Transmission |
passed from one generation to the next |
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Displacement |
can communicate about things not in the here and now |
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Semanticity |
Meaningfulness drives all communication |
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Which ape could sign about 100 signs, respond to basic commands, and signed "water bird?" |
Washoe |
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anthropomorphism
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assigning human qualities to animals without scientific reason (basically a "pet" effect) |
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What was the difference in Nim Chimpsky's study? |
He was kept in a zoo. Scientists decided that Nim was showing reward/punishment behavior |
