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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Myelin sheath
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surrounds axons to help electrical impulse travel from cell body to axon terminals
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Communication within Neuron
Communication between neurons |
Electrical
Chemical--neurotransmitters |
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Agonists
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Drugs and poisons that increase neurotransmitter activity
i.e. antidepressants (prozac, ssris), anti-anxiety (valium-GABA), morphine |
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Antagonists
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Drugs and poisons that decrease activity of neurotransmitters
i.e. botulinum (acetylcholine) |
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Dopamine
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Parkinson's and schizophrenia
L-Dopa: increases production of dopamine (agonists) anti-psychotic drugs block receptor sites for dopamine (antagonist) |
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Neuron Types
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vs endocrine system:
interneurons--integrate neurons only in CNS Sensory Neurons: carry info from CNS to sensory receptors Motor Neurons: movement commands from CNS to body |
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Central nervous system
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encased in bone; needs to communicate with peripheral nervous system
Made up of Brain and Spinal Cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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links Central Nervous System to body's sensory receptors, muscles, and glands
Made up of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous systems |
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Brain
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Control center for entire nervous system
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Spinal cord
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connects brain and peripheral nervous system and enables spinal reflexes--movement
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Somatic Nervous System
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Conduit for incoming sensory input and outgoing commands from brain to skeletal muscles; pain, physical sensation
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Autonomic Nervous Syste
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Regulates internal bodily environment (EG heart, stomach, emotions)
Made up of Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous system |
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Fight or flight system; controls the body when it's aroused
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Rest and digest system, controls the body during its normal rest state
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Nervous system
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operates versus endocrine system
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Medulla
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Brain stem involved in heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, digestion, and swallowing
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Frontal Lobes
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Prefrontal Cortex: behind eyes: planning, organization, impulse control
Phineas Gage--railroad tie Impulse control disorders Decision Making Regulating Attention |
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Thalamus
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decides where to send messages
Relay station for sensory info at top of brain stem |
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Parietal Lobes
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Area in cerebral hemisphere
in back of central fissure Somatosensory region Pressure, temperature, Limb position |
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Amygdala
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Lower emotional area
almond shaped regulating emotional experiences especially fear, anger, agression quick emotional responses |
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Reticular Formation
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Runs up center of brain stem
different levels of arousal and awareness |
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Hippocampus
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Limbic System
Formation of memories |
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Occipital Lobe
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Eyes, back of brain (forebrain), retinal sensors
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Right Hemisphere
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Numerical computation, approximation, estimation, and comparison
visual, processes intuitively, holistically, and randomly, spatial design artistical |
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Wernicke's Area
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Part of cerebral cortex
Understanding written and spoken language superior to temporal cyrus |
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Cerebellum
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Little Brain
Motor Control Coordination, Preicison, Timing Input from sensory system: brain and spinal cord Fine tune motor activity bottom of brain injury causes poor posture, equilibrium and motor deficiencies |
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Broca's Area
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Speech Production
Inferior to frontal gyrus Part of Cerebral Cortex Left Frontal Lobe closer to motor region |
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Hypothalmus
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Responsive to: Light, olfactory, steroids, stress, hormones, microrganisms, autonomic nervous system
located below thalmus and above brain stem ventral part of dicephalon Sex Drive Endocrine systems via ppituitary gland Metabolic processes: autonomic nervous system: body temp, hunger, thirst |
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corpus callosum
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connects two brain hemispheres
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Limbic System
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Hypothalmus, pituitary gland, amygdala, hippocampus
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Classical Conditioning
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Acquiring a new response (conditioned response) to a previously neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) that reliably signals arrival of unconditioned stimulus
AUTOMATIC RESPONSE |
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Operant Conditioning
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Learning to associate behaviors with their consequences through reinforcement (strengthening) or punishment (weakening)
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Little Albert
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John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
Unconditioned Stimulus: Loud Noise Unconditioned Response: Fear Conditioned Stimulus: white rat previously neutral stimulus Conditioned response: fear of white rat CLASSICAL CONDITIONING |
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Acquisition Trials
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Conditioned Stimulus followed by Unconditioned Stimulus
Rat followed by loud sound: acquires conditioned response of fear of white rat Make pairing |
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Extinction Trials
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White Rat without loud sound
reversal of fear of white rat Bell without Meat: no drooling, strength starts to fade |
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Spontaneous Recovery
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If you take a little break, the bell will again initiate drooling but not as strongly
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Generalization
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hings close to conditioned stimulus will trigger response (white rabbit instead of white rat)
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Intrinsic Motivation
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Personal reasons
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Extrinsic motivation
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Environmental reasons: can kill intrinsic motivation because you lose personal will
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Observational learning
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Parents went to college so you learn that it is normal to go to college
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Positive Reinforcement
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Presenting a pleasant thing to increase behavior
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Positive Punishment
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Presenting an unpleasant thing to decrease behavior
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Negative Reinforcement
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Removing unpleasant thing to increase behavior
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Negative Punishment
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Removing pleasant thing to decrease behavior
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Positive
Appetitive Aversive Negative Reinforcement Punishment |
Positive Presented
Negative Removed Appetitive Pleasant Aversive Unplesant Reinforcement increases Punishment Decreases >All elements of Operant Conditioning, which is more active than classical conditioning |
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Continuous vs. partial reinforcement
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continuous reinforcement: desired behavior is reinforced every time it occurs
partial reinforcement: response is reinforced only part of the time-slower but more resistant to extinction |
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Ratio vs. interval schedule
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Fixed Ratio Schedule: reinforcer delivered after fixed # of responses
Fixed Interval Schedule: reinforcer delivered following first response after set amount of time Ratio: higher response rates than intervals Variables: fewer breaks without response |
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Fixed vs. variable schedule
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Variable Interval Schedule: reinforcer is delivered following a response after different time intervals (surprises)
Variable Ratio Schedule: number of responses it takes to obtain reinforcer varies on each trial but averages to be certain number across trial |
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Drive-reduction theory
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A theory of motivation which proposes that our behavior is motivated to reduce bodily tension by returning to balanced internal state (seeking food to eliminate hunger)
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Incentive and Arousal Theory
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Incentive theory: theory of motivation that our behavior is motivated by external stimuli we have learned as reinforcement
Arousal: a theory of motivation which proposes that our behavior is motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal (homeostasis) |
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Yerkes-Dodson's Law
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Relationship b/w amount of arousal and performance quality on task--increasing arousal increases performance quality, but increasing arousal past optimal level is detrimental to performance
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Overjustification Effect
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When you kill extrinsic motivation (which replaced intrinsic motivation) and you lose intrinsic motive
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Latent Learning
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Learning that occurs without reinforcement but isn't demonstrated until there is incentive to do so
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Observational Learning
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People don't need direct reinforcement to learn a task: BOBO the CLOWN--Bandura
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Instinctual drift
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Tendency for an animal to drift back from a learned operant response to an innate response
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