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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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did research in “a strange situation.” She had the major care taker bring in their infants into a room of toys and sit there until they are told to leave and see how the infants reacted when their major care takers left the room.
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Mary Ainsworth
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pointed out stages of development
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Piaget
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psychoSOCIAL model
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Erikson
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he first person to point out that teens experience a lot of stress when they start to deal with things like abstract thinking and need to develop an identity
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Marcia
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moral development
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Kohlberg
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Prenatal development
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Germinal
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0 to 2 weeks: begins when the female egg is fertilized by sperm. Characterized by very rapid cell division. During this stage the placenta begins to form and fuction as a two way street. It allows nutrients to enter the zygote and waste to pass out
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Prenatal development
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Embryonic
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2 to 8 weeks: the beginning development of body systems and organs. If the mother doesn’t have proper nutrition or drug use during this time it leads to birth defects/complications. The most dangerous and vulnerable stage.
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Prenatal development
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Fetal
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8 weeks to birth: Characterized by bone and muscle development. The organs have developed and are functioning on their own. Development of the sex organs.
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Infant attachment style development
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Secure
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very trusting of the caretakers when they returned to the room. “Trust” caretakers to come back when they leave.
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Infant attachment style development
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anxious-ambivalent
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Show more ‘checking’ behaviors than the secure babies. They are not easily comforted and are very clingy to the caretaker.
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Infant attachment style development
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avoidant
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quickest to go play with the toys. Little to no checking behaviors. Biggest difference is when the caretaker comes back into the room, they ignore them. Possibly because they are mad. “If you won’t take care of me I’ll take care of myself.”
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Cognitive development
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Sensorimotor period
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0-2 years) brain is learning to coordinate sensory input and motor output. Object permanence is developed.
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Cognitive development
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Preoperational period
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(2-7 years) development of symbolic thought. Learn to talk/read/math
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Preoperational period
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Irreversibility
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thought processes tend to be irreversible. Once something happens it can’t be undone
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Preoperational period
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Decentration
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the ability to only think of one thing at a time
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Preoperational period
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Egocentrism
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he ability to only be able to see things from your own point of view
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Cognitive development
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Concrete operations period(7-11 years)
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Conservation- the ability to understand the volume of something doesn’t change due to shape
Heirarchical classification- can now think in terms of hierarchy. |
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Formal operations period
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(11-adolesence) the ability to think abstract thoughts such as: love, peace, justice, free will, logic, etc.
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Systematic thinking
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the ability to think things through and consider solutions/consequences
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Trust vs. Mistrust
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irst year of life. Are my basic needs being met? If the answer is yes, we tend to carry trust as a default into adulthood. If the answer is no, typically mistrust is the default and you must prove your trust to that person.
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Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
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(2-4 yrs.) Sense that you can do things your self. The big psychosocial question here is “Can I learn to do things myself? Or will others always have to do things for me?”
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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(4-6 yrs.) “Am I good or am I bad?”
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Industry vs. Inferiority
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6-puberty) “Am I competent or am I useless?” This is learned largely at school. A sense of industry will bring confidence in adulthood to get things done.
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Identity vs Confusion:
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(adolescence) “Who am I and where am I going in life?”
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intimacy vs. Isolation
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(early adulthood) “Am I capable of meaningful relationships?” Either you are capable and will have intimate relationships in your life or you are going to pretty much live in isolation.
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Generativity vs. Self absorption
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(middle adulthood) “Will I produce something of value in my life?” Something that will live beyond your life and benefit future generations. During this stage there is a shift in focus from yourself to others.
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Integrity vs. Despair
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(older adulthood) “Have I lived a full life?” If the answer is yes, people tend to face death with dignity and integrity. If the answer is no, they tend to face death with despair.
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Identity Achievement
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successful achievement of a sense of identity
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Identity Moratorium
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active struggling for a sense of identity
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Identity Moratorium
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active struggling for a sense of identity
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Identity Foreclosure
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unquestioning adoption of parental or social values
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Identity Diffusion
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absence of struggling for identity, with no obvious concern about it
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Preconventional Level
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The first thing that children realize is that if they get punished for something, it is wrong. Punishment orientation they haven’t really grasped right from wrong. “Naïve reward orientation” is when kids get rewarded for something they do right.
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Conventional Level
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Good boy/good girl orientation, this is when the concept of right and wrong is determined more so by the psychological approval and disapproval of the people they care about. Authority orientation is where we determine right and wrong by the rules of society.
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Postconventional Level
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Social contract orientation right and wrong is now determined for these individuals by society’s rules but now they realize that maybe these rules and laws aren’t really right and wrong. People start to question things. Individual principles and conscience orientation, determined by the principles of justice and equality.
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New trend of later marriage
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due to education, jobs, the want to establish themselves (financial security) before marriage
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Increase in alternative lifestyles
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more people are choosing not to marry or not to have children
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New parenting styles-
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Ex: a lot more negative punishment (taking something away that the child likes)
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Marital happiness
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drops off when kids come into the picture. This is normal in our to be good parents because time is now divided up among children. But, when the kids grow up and leave the house, marital happiness tends to reach a high.
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psychoanalytic theory
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Freud
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analytic psychology
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Jung
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individual psychology
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Adler
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operant conditioning
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Skinner
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social learning theory
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Bandura
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person-centered theory
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Rogers
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self actualization theory
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Maslow
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ENP Theory
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Eyscenk
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MMPI
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
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The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire
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is mostly used in business
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TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)
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works with people who are really into
creative writing. The therapist sits the subject in a room with a pen and paper and gives them a series of pictures and asks them to write a short story about each one |
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FREUD’S Psychoanalytic theory
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Id- pleasure seeking principle of the personality
Ego- the reality principle (mediates between the Id and the superego) Superego- conscience principle (social and moral) |
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Repression
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“motivated forgetting” Things that get pushed down into the unconscious
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Projection
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Difficulty accepting something about yourself
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Displacement
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Displacing anger on another living being
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Reaction formation
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If someone has difficulty accepting something, they will act completely the opposite
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Regression
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Regressing to child-like behaviors
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Rationalization
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Making excuses
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Conscious
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What is going on in your mind at the moment (Doing something, someone speaking, etc.)
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Preconscious
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Things that you aren’t thinking about at the moment but you can bring to consciousness immediately if given a cue
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Unconscious
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Awareness at an unconscious level
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Oral Stage
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0-1 body focus: mouth Major task: weaning from the breast
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Anal Stage
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(2-3yrs) Body focus: anus *Develop a need for control “anal retentive” *Increased hostility towards women (stemming from mother being in control of potty training)
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Phallic Stage (Oedipus & Electra complex)
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Body focus: genitals *Electra complex-little girls look down at themselves and think something is missing and suffer from “penis envy”
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Latency Stage
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(6-12yrs) No body part focus and nothing is going to go on as far as sexual development. Freud thought that this is when children need to learn social skills so they can share their sexuality with someone else later on
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Genital Stage
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puburty and on:Focus is on the genitals. Being able to share sexuality with others
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Freudian slips
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saying something by
mistake that is typically sexually motivated |
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Personal Unconscious
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people have an unconscious need to develop their spirituality
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Collective Unconscious
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Jung’s idea was that memory was passed onto jeans. How he explained déjà vu
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ntroversion
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Choose to spend most of their time interacting with their own thoughts
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Extroversion
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Choose to spend most of their time interacting with others
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Superiority need
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The need to be better than average at SOMETHING. If this is not so, the likelihood is that you will suffer from an inferiority complex for the rest of your life.
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Inferiority complex
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unconscious” He thought inferiority complexes only reached consciousness when something big happened to bring it up (ex: when he was told as a child he needed to be held back in school)
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Compensation
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(ex: Adler couldn’t excel in athletics so he was going to excel in knowledge)
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SKINNER’S Operant Conditioning
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he idea that personality is learned through the environment
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BANDURA’S Social Learning Theory
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there is another way to learn personalities rather than through the environment
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ROGERS’ Person-Centered Theory
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-Self Concept- Everyone has a concept of an ‘actual’ and an ‘ideal’ self. The more congruent these two are, the better their mental health will be.
-Incongruency & Mental health- refer to self concept -Source of incongruency- he believed it came from a lack of unconditional love |
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MASLOW’S Self Actualization Theory
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Self actualized personality being all that you can be.
-Lifelong personality development what you can be, you must be |
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EYSENCK’S ENP Theory
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-Traits largely inherited
-Personality structure: hierarchical -Higher-order traits *Extroversion sociable and assertive *Neuroticism worried *Psychotism cold, not personable, unconcerned with the rights of other people |
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Evolutionary Theory
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-Natural selection favors
-Reliability -Cooperation being able to work with a group -Generosity can you rely on this person to share his or her resources? |
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The Big Five
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Agreeableness how cooperative someone is, how nice they are
-Conscientiousness someone who is very detail oriented -Openness openness to experience of ideas and beliefs -Extraversion positive emotionally. Fun loving vs. sober. Affectionate vs. reserved -Neuroticism negative emotionally. Worried vs. calm. Insecure vs. secure. |
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