Psych 101 Exam 2

Front 1

Learning that one stimulus signals the arrival of another stimulus.

Back 1

Classical conditioning

Front 2

Another name for classical conditioning.

Back 2

Pavlovian conditioning

Front 3

A stimulus response pair in which stimulus automatically elicits the response.

Back 3

Reflex

Front 4

Stimulus in a reflex that automatically elicits an unconditioned response.

Back 4

Unconditioned stimulus

Front 5

Response in a reflex that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

Back 5

Unconditioned response

Front 6

Stimulus that comes to elicit a new response (conditioned response) in classical conditioning.

Back 6

Conditioned Stimulus

Front 7

Response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning.

Back 7

Conditioned response

Front 8

Conditioned stimulus remains on until after Unconditioned stimulus is presented, so that 2 stimuli occur at the same time.

Back 8

Delayed Conditioning

Front 9

There is a period of time between turning off the Conditioned stimulus and outset of Unconditioned stimulus, when neither stimulus is present.

Back 9

Trace Conditioning

Front 10

Acquiring a new response to the conditioned stimulus.

Back 10

Acquisition

Front 11

Unlearning process. Diminishing of Conditioned Response when Unconditioned Stimulus no longer follows Conditioned Stimulus.

Back 11

Extinction

Front 12

Partial recovery in strength of Conditioned response following a break during extinction trials.

Back 12

Spontaneous Recovery

Front 13

Stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response. More similar stimulus is to conditioned stimulus, the stronger the response will be.

Back 13

Stimulus Generalization

Front 14

Elictation of conditioned response only by the conditioned stimulus or only by a small set of highly similar stimuli that includes the conditioned stimulus.

Back 14

Stimulus Discrimination

Front 15

Learning to associate behaviors with their consequences.

Back 15

Operant Conditioning

Front 16

Any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated, and any behavior that results in unsatisfying consequences tends not to be repeated.

Back 16

Law of Effect

Front 17

Stimulus that increases probability of a prior response.

Back 17

Reinforcer

Front 18

Stimulus that decreases probability of a prior response.

Back 18

Punisher

Front 19

Process by which probability of response is increased by presentation of reinforcer following the response.

Back 19

Reinforcement

Front 20

Process by which probability of response is decreased by presentation of punisher following the response.

Back 20

Punishment

Front 21

Stimulus that animal or human finds pleasant.

Back 21

Appetitive stimulus

Front 22

Stimulus that animal or human finds unpleasant.

Back 22

Aversive stimulus

Front 23

Appetitive stimulus is presented.

Back 23

Positive reinforcement

Front 24

Aversive stimulus is presented.

Back 24

Positive punishment

Front 25

Aversive stimulus is removed.

Back 25

Negative reinforcement

Front 26

Appetitive stimulus is removed.

Back 26

Negative punishment

Front 27

Stimulus that is innately reinforcing.

Back 27

Primary reinforcer

Front 28

Stimulus that gains its reinforcing property through learning.

Back 28

Secondary reinforcer

Front 29

Application of conditioning principles, especially operant principals, to eliminate undesirable behavior and to teach more desirable behavior.

Back 29

Behavior Modification

Front 30

Training human or animal to make an operant response by reinforcing successive approximations of desired response.

Back 30

Shaping

Front 31

Record of total number of responses over time that visually depicts rate of responding.

Back 31

Cumulative Record

Front 32

Strengthening of reinforced operant response.

Back 32

Acquisition

Front 33

Diminishing of operant response when it is no longer reinforced.

Back 33

Extinction

Front 34

Temporary recovery of operant response following a break during extinction training.

Back 34

Spontaneous Recovery

Front 35

Learning to give operant response only in presence of discriminative stimulus.

Back 35

Stimulus discrimination

Front 36

Giving operant response in presence of stimuli simliar to discriminative stimulus. The more similar the stimulus , the higher the operant response rate.

Back 36

Stimulus Generalization

Front 37

Reinforcing desired operant response each time it is made.

Back 37

Continuous schedule of reinforcement

Front 38

Response is only reinforced part of the time.

Back 38

Partial Schedules of reinforcement

Front 39

Reinforcer is determined after a fixed number of responses are made. fixed number can be any number greater than one.

Back 39

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Front 40

Number of responses it takes to obtain a reforcer varies on each trial but averages to be a certain number across trials.

Back 40

Variable-ratio schedule

Front 41

A reinforcer is delivered following the first response after a set interval of time has elapsed.

Back 41

Fixed-interval schedule

Front 42

A reinforcer is delivered following a response after a different time interval on each trial, but time intervals across trials average to be a set time.

Back 42

Variable-interval schedule

Front 43

Set of internal and external factors that energize our behavior and direct it toward goals.

Back 43

Motivation

Front 44

Proposes that first, a bodily need creates a state of bodily tension called a drive, then, motivated behavior works to reduce this drive by obtaining reinforcement to eliminate this need and return body to a balanced internal state.

Back 44

Drive-Reduction theory

Front 45

Motivation proposes that we are "pulled" into action by incentives, external environmental stimuli that do not involve drive reduction.

Back 45

Incentive theory

Front 46

Extends importance of a balanced internal environment of drive-reduction theory to out level of physiological arousal and its regulation to motivated behavior.

Back 46

Arousal Theory

Front 47

Desire to perform a behavior for external reinforcement.

Back 47

Extrinsic motivation

Front 48

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

Back 48

Intrinsic motivation

Front 49

Decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and then reinforcement is discontinued.

Back 49

Overjustification Effect

Front 50

Tendency of an animal to drift back from a learned operant response to an object to an innate, instinctual response.

Back 50

Instinctual Drift

Front 51

Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is incentive to do so.

Back 51

Latent Learning

Front 52

Learning by observing others and imitating their behavior. Plays a major role in human learning.

Back 52

Observational Learning (Modeling)

Front 53

Set of memory registers, one for each of our senses, that serves as holding places for incoming sensory information until it can be attended to, interpreted, and encoded into short-term memory.

Back 53

Sensory Memory

Front 54

Holds exact copy of incoming visual input but only for a brief period of time, less than a second.

Back 54

Iconic Memory

Front 55

2 meaningless visual dot patterns that produce a meaningful pattern if integrated are presented sequentially with time delay between their presentations varied.

Back 55

Temporal Integration Procedure

Front 56

Participant has to attempt to recall all letters in the matrix.

Back 56

Sperling's Full- Report Procedures

Front 57

Participant only had to report a small part of presented letter matrix, a row indicated by an auditory cue on each trial.

Back 57

Sperling's Partial-Report Procedure

Front 58

Memory stage with small capacity and brief duration that we are consciously aware of and in which we do our problem solving, reasoning and decision making.

Back 58

Short-term memory

Front 59

Participant is given a series of items on at a time and then has to recall the items in the order in which they were presented.

Back 59

Memory Span Task

Front 60

Average number of items an individual can remember across a series of trials.

Back 60

Memory Span

Front 61

Meaningful unit of memory.

Back 61

Chunk

Front 62

Small amount of information is presented, participant is immediately distracted from concentrating on info for a brief interval of time, and then info must be recalled.

Back 62

Distractor Task

Front 63

Repeating the info in short-term memory over and over again in order to maintain it.

Back 63

Maintenance Rehearsal

Front 64

Allows storage of info for a long period of time and its capacity is essentially unlimited.

Back 64

Long-Term Memory

Front 65

Long-term memory for factual knowledge and personal experiences. Requires a conscious explicit effort to remember.

Back 65

Explicit (Declarative) Memory

Front 66

Explicit memory for factual knowledge.

Back 66

Semantic Memory

Front 67

Explicit memory for personal experiences.

Back 67

Episodic Memory

Front 68

Long-term memory that influences our behavior, but does not require conscious awareness or declarative statement.

Back 68

Implicit (nondeclarative) memory

Front 69

Implicit memory for cognitive and motor tasks that have a physical procedural aspect to them. (Execution of an ordered set of movements.)

Back 69

Procedural Memories

Front 70

People with severe memory deficits following brain surgery or injury that explicit and implicit memories are processed in different parts of the brain.

Back 70

Amnesics

Front 71

Inability to form new explicit long-term memories following surgery or trauma to the brain.

Back 71

Anterograde Amnesia

Front 72

Disruption of memory for the past, especially episodic information for events before, especially just before brain surgery.

Back 72

Retrograde Amnesia

Front 73

Our inability as adults to remember events that occurred in our lives before about 3 years of age.

Back 73

Infantile/Child Amnesia

Front 74

Participants are given a list of words one at a time and then asked to recall them in any order they wish.

Back 74

Free Recall task

Front 75

Superior recall of early potion of a list relative to middle of the list in a one-trial free recall task.

Back 75

Primary Effect

Front 76

Superior recall of latter portion of the list.

Back 76

Recency effect

Front 77

Process of transferring information from one memory stage to the next.

Back 77

Encoding