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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Correlation coefficient (r) |
statistic tells us how two variables are related |
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Range of coefficient |
R ranges from -1 to +1 |
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strength of correlation |
the closer to zero, the weaker the farther from zero, the stronger the relationship r = 0: variables are not related -.99 & +.99 are equally related |
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- correlation |
as one variable increases, the other decreases & vice versa |
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+ correlation |
as one variable increases, so does the other |
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Endocrine system |
Secondary way the brain communicates w/body System of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream Controlled by hypothalamus & pituitary gland |
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Action potential |
neural impulse that sends msgs Shift in electrical charge (more +) |
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Resting potential |
When a neuron is inactive, it has a stable - charge |
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neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (ACH) |
regulates attention, memory & muscle function |
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neurotransmitter: Dopamine |
involved in movement & reward system (craving, addiction) |
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neurotransmitter: Serotonin |
sleep, mood & appetite used as medicine: Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
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neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine |
fight or flight, modulation of mood & arousal |
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neurotransmitter: Endorphins |
resemble opiate drugs, “runner’s high) |
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three major regions of the brain |
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain |
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Frontal lobe |
conscious thought; damage can result in mood changes, social differences, etc. The frontal lobes are the most uniquely human of all the brain structures. |
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Parietal lobe |
plays important roles in integrating sensory information from various senses, and in the manipulation of objects; portions of the parietal lobe are involved with visuospatial processing |
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Occipital lobe |
sense of sight; lesions can produce hallucinations |
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Temporal lobe |
senses of smell and sound, as well as processing of complex stimuli like faces and scenes. |
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Wernicke’s Area (TEMPORAL) |
production of written & spoken language |
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Broca’s Area (FRONTAL) |
production of speech |
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Hippocampus (FB) |
Memory |
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Cerebellum (HB) |
Coordinates fine muscle movement. Impacted by alcohol |
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Thalamus (FB) |
All sensory info except for smell passes thru. Integrates sensory info |
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Hypothalamus (FB) |
Controls autonomic NS. Regulates four F’s (fight, flight, feed & sexual activity). Link between brain & endocrine system |
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Amygdala (FB) |
Emotion, aggression, fear |
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Cerebrum (FB) |
Cerebral cortex. Two Hemispheres. Four Lobes. |
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Laterization definition |
brain is separated into right & left hemispheres, each w/specific functions |
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laterization function |
Connected by the corpus callosum Control opposite side of the body Right hemisphere: spatial reasoning/orientationLeft hemisphere: language processing |
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Independent variable (IV) |
purposely manipulated to see what will happen |
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Dependent Variable (DV) |
expected to respond due to the experiment; the outcome |
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Sampling bias |
when the sample is not a good representation of the population |
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Social desirability bias |
when the participants try to create good impressions of themselves |
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Experimenter bias |
when a researcher’s expectations or hopes abt the outcome influence the results |
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7 unifying themes of Psychology |
Psychology is empirical Psychology is theoretically diverse Psychology evolves in sociohistorical context Behavior is determined by multiple causesBehavior is shaped by cultural heritage Heredity & Environment jointly influence behavior People’s experience of the world is highly subjective |
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Who is.. William Wundth |
“the father of Psychology" 1879: First Psychology lab started |
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Who is.. William James |
“father of American Psychology" wrote “The Principles of Psychology” |
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Who is.. G. Stanley Hall |
established first psychology lab in the US one of the founders & first president of APA (American Psychological Association) |
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Who is.. Mary Calkins |
1st woman to complete requirements for PhD in psychology 1st woman president of APA |
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Who is.. Margaret Washburn |
1st woman to actually obtain PhD in psychology (1984) |
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Who is.. Francis Cecil Sumner |
1st AA to obtain PhD in Psychology (1920) |
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Who is.. George Sanchez |
1st latino Psychologist (1930s) |
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Who is.. Marigold Linton |
1st Native American to obtain PhD in Psychology (1960s) |
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Who is.. Richard Suinn |
1st Asian American APA President (1999) |
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Sensation |
Receiving sensory info info abt environment received by receptors (taste buds, rods & cones in eyes) |
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Perception |
Interpreting sensory info how the senses are organized & interpreted into meaningful experience influenced by culture/environment |
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The Visual System |
retina: absorbs light, processes images, visual info to the brain contains millions of receptors Rods: detect brightness of light, help w/ peripheral let us see in low light Cones: allow color vision & visual activityLight hits rods/conesImpulses are sent to optic nerve (connects eye to brain) Then, travel thru optic chiasm —> thalamus —> occipital lobe |
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The Auditory System |
Sound waves enter thru the outer ear & are funneled to the eardrum Eardrum vibrations cause movement of tiny bones in the middle ear, which turns into waves of pressure Cochlea: fluid filled part of the inner ear that contains receptors for hearing Hair Cells: auditory (hearing) receptorsPressure waves travel thru the fluid in the cochlea & stimulate the hair cells Hair cells —> auditory nerve —> thalamus —> temporal lobe |
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The Gustatory System (taste) |
Clusters of taste cells (receptors inside the taste buds) absorb chemicals in the saliva Triggers nueral impulses —> thalamus —> cerebral cortex Main tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (savory) |
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The Olfactory System (smell) |
Chemical substances from the air are dissolved in mucous Olfactory cilia: receptors for smell Have axons that send info to the olfactory bulb —> areas of the cerebral cortex Remember that olfactory info does not go thru thalamus!!! |
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Touch (system) |
Skin has different receptors that respond to the pressure, temperature & pain Receptors carry info to the nerves —> spinal cord —> thalamus or brain stem —> parietal lobe |
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Different research methods |
Descriptive Correlation Experiment |
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Descriptive research method |
describing/making observations abt behavior Naturalistic observation Case study Survey Interview |
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Correlation research method |
compare & determine links or associations between variables Observation group comparisons Survey Interview |
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Experiment research method |
under controlled conditions; manipulate a variable & look for changes in another variable caused by the manipulation Lab or field study |
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Scientific Method |
Form hypothesis Design a study Collect data Analyze data & draw conclusions Report findings |
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sleep stage 1 |
light sleep, theta(ϑ) waves, first 10-12 min |
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sleep stage 2 |
bursts of high-frequency brain wave, 10-25 min |
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sleep stage 3 & 4 |
slow-wave sleep, deeper sleep, delta(Δ) waves |
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REM stage |
Dreams, deep sleep, very little body movement |
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sleep problems |
insomnia sleep apnea nightmares somnambulism |
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insomnia |
ongoing probs w/getting adequate sleep
falling asleep staying asleep waking up too early |
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sleep apnea |
frequent, reflexsive gasp for air that disrupts sleep |
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three theories of sleep |
wish fulfillment problem-solving activation-synthesis |
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wish fulfillment |
unconscious urges & unmet needs are fulfilled by “wishful thinking” in our dreams manifest content & latent content Sigmund Freud |
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problem-solving |
dreams allow you to think creatively abt personal issues don’t have to be logical or realistic in dreams Rosalind Cartwright |
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activation-synthesis |
dreams are side effects of neural activation nuerons firing in hindbrain send random signals to cortex, which constructs a dream to make sense of the signals J. Allan Hobson |
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Sensory adaptation |
becoming less sensitive to sensory input (not able to perceive the smell, sound, etc.) “I’m used to it” ex: you’re used to the smell of your house changes are not noticeable |
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Structuralism (think: structure) |
Psychology should study human experience by breaking it down into smaller components used introspection seek to answer what/how ?s |
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Functionalism (think: function) |
Psychology should study purposes of behavior & mental processes seek to answer why ?s |
