Psych 101 Chp. 11 - Stress And Health

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stress

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the term used to describe the physcial, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging

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stressors

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events that cause a stress reaction

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distress

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the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors

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eustress

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the effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being

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primary appraisal

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the first step in assessing a stress, which involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge

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secondary appraisal

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the second step in assessing a threat, which involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor

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catastrophe

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an unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than one month

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Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

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assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events (Holmes & Rahe)

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College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)

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assessment that measures the amount of stress in a college student's lfe over a one-year period resulting from major life events

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hassles

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the daily annoyances of everyday life

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pressure

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the pyschological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person's behavior that come from an outside source

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frustration

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the pyschological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need

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aggression

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actions meant to harm or destroy

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displaced aggression

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taking out one'd frustrations on some less threatening or more available target, a form of displacement

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displacement

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pyschological defense mechanism in which emotional reactions and behavioral responses are shifted to targets that are more available or less threatening than the original target

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escape or withdrawal

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leaving the presence of a stressor, either literally or by a psychological withdrawal into fantasy, drug abuse, or apathy

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conflict

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pychological experience of being pulled toward or drawn to two or more desires or goals, only one of which may be attained

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approach-approach conflict

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conflict occuring when a person must choose between two desirable goals, "win-win situation"

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avoidance-avoidance conflict

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conflict occuring when a person must choose between two undersirable goals, "lose-lose situation"

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aproach-avoidance conflict

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conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both negative and positive aspects

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double approach-avoidance conflict

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conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects

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multiple approach-avoidance conflict

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conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects

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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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the three stages of the body's physchological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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immune system

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the systems of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases, infections, and injuries

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psychoneuroimmunology

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the study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts, and behavior on the immune system

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natural killer cell

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immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells

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Type A personality

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person who is ambitious, time conscious, exremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed

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Type B personality

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person who is relaxed and ladi-back, less driven and competitive than Type A, and slow to anger

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Type C personality

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pleasant but repressed person, who tends to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult

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hardy personality

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a person who seems to thrive on stress but lack the anger and hostility of the Type A personality

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optimists

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people who expect positive outcomes

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pessimists

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people who expect negative outcomes

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burnout

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negative changes in thoughts, emotion, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration

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acculturative stress

integration
assimilation
separation
marginalized

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stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a preson's way to the majority culture

integration- maintain old, positive relationship with new

assimilation- gives up old, completely adopts new

separation- rejects new, maintains old

marginalized- no maintainence of old or joining of new

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social support system

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the network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and other who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need

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coping strategies

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actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors

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problem-focused coping

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coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions

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emotion-focused coping

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coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor

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psychological defense mechanisms

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unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

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denial (psychological defense mechanism)

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the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening stimulation

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repression (psychological defense mechanism)

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the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind

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rationalization (psychological defense mechanism)

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the person inents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

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projection (psychological defense mechanism)

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unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelingsare seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses of feelings

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reaction formation (psychological defense mechanism)

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the person forms and opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others

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displacement (psychological defense mechanism)

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redirecting feelings form a threatening target to a less threatening one

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regression (psychological defense mechanism)

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the person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations

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identification (psychological defense mechanism)

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defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety

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compensation or substitution (psychological defense mechanism)

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the person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area

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sublimination (psychological defense mechanism)

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channelling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior

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meditation

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mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness

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concentrative meditation

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form of meditation in which a person focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can experience relaxation

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receptive meditation

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form of meditation in which a person attempts to become aware of everything in immediate conscious experience, or an expansion of consciousness