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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three goals of the scientific enterprise?
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Measurement and description, understanding and prediction, and application and control.
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hypothesis
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A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables
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Variables
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any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study.
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theory
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a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
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naive realism
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belief in one's own objectivity and opponents subjectivity
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operational definition
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the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable
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Steps in a scientific Investigation
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1.) Formulate a Testable Hyptothesis
2.) Select the Research Method and Design the Study 3.) Collect the Data 4.) Analyze the Data and draw conclusions 5.) Report the Findings |
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data collection techniques
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procedures for making empirical observations and measurements
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journal
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a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry.
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research methods
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differing approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies.
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experiment
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research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether or not any changes occur in a second variable as a result.
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independent variable
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a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable
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dependent variable
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the variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable
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experimental group
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the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable
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control group
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similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to an experimental group
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extraneous variables
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Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study.
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confounding of variables
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occurs when two variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects
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random assignment of subjects
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occurs when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study
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Correlation
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exists when two variables are related to each other
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positive correlation
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indicates that two variables covary (change together) in the same direction
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negative correlation
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indicates that two variables covary in the opposite direction
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correlation coefficient
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a numerical index of the degree of a relationship between two variables
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naturalistic observation
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a researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without interviewing directly with the subjects
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case study
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an in depth investigation of an individual subject
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survey
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researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants background and behavior
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Replication
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the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated
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sampling bias
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exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn
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social desirability bias
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a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself
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placebo effect
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occurs when participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment
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experimenter bias
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occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome ot the study influence the results obtained
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double blind procedure
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a research strategy in which neither subjects or experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
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