Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1. Conscious but limited memory called?
|
1) conscious but limited memory is called working (short term) memory. Involves conscious, active processing of income auditory and visual – spatial information and of information retrieved from long term memory. Quickly fades when not used or rehearsed.
|
|
|
2. Distinctive feature of automatic processing
|
2) Propertied of automatic processing ( with little or no effort you absorb enormous amount of information) Space: while reading a texbook, often encodes place on page where certain material appears. Later, struggling to recall info you visualize its location. Time: while going through the day, unintentionally note sequence of days events, later realize left coat somewhere, you recreate sequence of days happening and retrace your steps. Frequency: effortlessly keep track how many times things happen enabling you to realize “this is the 3rd time today”
|
|
|
3. Saying it over to yourself is called what?
|
3) Rehearsal- conscious repetition of info, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
|
|
|
4. Study plan for long term retention?
|
4) Benefits of spacing practice: yields better long term retention then is achieved through massed study or practice. – longer spaced practice sessions, better retention up to 5 yrs later; enhance life long retention.- after a delay attention shifted from last items to first items ( prevents serial position effect)
|
|
|
5. List learning –middle?
|
5) Serial position effect- the tendency to recall the best and last and first items in a list.
|
|
|
6. Memory and semantic processing
|
6) If you think of the meaning of a word you are more than likely to remember the word because what we encode, we encode by semantic encoding, encoding of meaning, including the meaning if words.
|
|
|
7. Mnemonic device?
|
7) Mnemonic devices are memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
|
|
|
8. Memory for brief visual presentation called.
|
8) Iconic memory is a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasing no more than a few lengths of a second
|
|
|
9. Memory test-why count backward by threes?
|
9) Test of short term memory require counting backwards by three to prevent rehearsal, and to find out truly how quickly a short term memory will disappear.
|
|
|
10. Which memory system has best capacity
|
10) The highest capacity memory system is long-term memory
|
|
|
11. Electroconvulsive shock and memory?
|
11) Electroconvusive shock- a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient any flashbacks that appear to have been invented, not relived and so memories don’t reside in single specific spots.
|
|
|
12. Knowing vs. remembering being trained: what is distinguished?
|
12) Hippocampus is a neural center that is located in the limbic system and it helps process explicit memories for storage, damage to the hippocampus on the left have trouble remembering verbal designs and locations. Also of if lose hippocampus to surgery or disease will lose recall of things learned in the preceding month, yet older memories remain intact.
|
|
|
13. Memory cues are called?
|
13) If your memory is to good like the Russian S then you often lose the ability to think abstractly, generalizing, organizing, evaluation, basically not able to forget junk heap of memories.
|
|
|
14. Relationship b/w super memory and abstract thinking (Subject S)
|
14) Proactive interference occurs when you learn something earlier disrupts your recall of something you do later. Ie: study French- study Spanish-spanish test. … retroactive interence occurs when new info makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier. Ei: study French-study Spanish-french test.
|
|
|
15. identify types of interference
|
15) Misinformation effect is after exposure to subtle misinformation, many people misremember; incorporating misleading info into ones memory of an event.
|
|
|
16. false memory-situations that increase it
|
Therapy techniques that are likely to make false memories: source amnesia- attributing to wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined.- “hypnotically refreshed” memories-originate with the hypnotists leading questions-current views, events, experiences and drugs
|
|
|
17. concepts
|
17) Memories of especially stressful events are repressed and could be recovered by something that occurred when the memory was repressed
|
|
|
18. prototypes and concept classification
|
18) Typical feature of concepts (mental groupings of similar objects, events and people) is that they define the concept
|
|
|
19. advantages of heuristics
|
19) The use of prototypes-mental image or best examples that incorporates all the features we associate with a category EX robin more a bird then a goose. Speed of classification, we are slower to recognize something as a bird when it doesn’t match our prototype
|
|
|
20. ex. of insight solutions
|
20) Advantages of heuristic over algorithms because it is a simple thinking strategy that often allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier. An algorithm is a methodical, logical rile or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem, less error prone.
|
|
|
21. biases that interfere with rule discovery task
|
Insight is the sudden realization of a solution after long struggle with a problem
|
|
|
22. ex. of
• functional fixity • Of representativeness heuristic • availability heuristic • framing effect • belief perseverance |
22) instances of confirmation bias (tendency to search for info that confirms one perceptions) – functional fixedness bias, our tendency to think of only the familiar functions for objects with out alternative uses (use dime instead of screwdriver for screw-representatives heuristic- judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent our match particular prototypes ( guessing the ivy league professor due to description)-availability heuristic-operates when we base our judgments on how mentally available info is. If an event is easily available comes to mind quickly and we presume the event as common ( a broken promise)- framing effect-the way we present an issue, can significally affect decisions and judgments ( 75% lean rather than 25% fat)- belief perseverance- our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence( capital punishment people stick with point of view)
|
|
|
23. telegraphic speech stage
|
n language there is “telegraphic speech” ay the two word stage in speech developed during which a child speaks mostly 2 words statements. Using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words, follows rules of syntax, they are in sensible order.
|
|
|
24. evidence of rule learning in language
|
A good reason to doubt all language is based on imitation because of uniform stages of language development and childhood is a critical period for learning spoken and signed language children who don’t learn language during early period will lose their ability to dully master language.
|
|
|
25. surface vs. deep structure –identify
|
25) Surface structure- of language in English putting the object of sentence last=> syntax. Seep structure- learning to discern our languages meaning => morpheme
|
|
|
26. Age of exposure and grammar learning :the Deaf case
|
26) Yes there is a critical period for learning grammar PG 416 story on immigrants-those who learned their 2nd language early learned it best
|
|
|
27. Any evidence of cultural transmission in animals?
|
27) Animal researchers have shown u that primates exhibit insights, show family loyalty and transmit cultural patterns across generations
|
|
|
28. Thurstones primary mental abilities
|
28) Thurstone’s primary mental abilities (word fluency verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning and memory) all are related by general intelligence.
|
|
|
29. Savant syndrome suggests what about intelligence?
|
29) Savant syndrome suggest that we don’t have an intelligence but multiple intelligences, each relatively independent of the others.
|
|
|
30. creativity and curiosity
|
30) Factors in creativity 1) expertise- a well developed base of knowledge 2) imaginative thinking skills- provide an ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, to make connections. 3) venturesome personality- tolerates ambiguity, risk, preservers on over coming obstacles, seeks new experiences rather then follow the pack. 4) intrinsic motivation- motivated by interest, enjoyment and challenge of work itself. 5) creative environment- sparks supports, refined creative idea
|
|
|
31. intelligence and brain efficiency
|
speed of thought” is related to intelligence because people who score higher also retrieve info form memory quickly an perceive stimuli faster than others
|
|
|
32. What was Binets test intended to do?
|
32) binet and simon invented an intelligence test to measure a childs mental age=> chronological age that most typically respond to given level of performance.
|
|
|
33. What was Galtons eugenic movement intended to do
|
33) Galton feared that human intelligence was de-revolutionizing and humans were actually becoming stupider as time went on.
|
|
|
34. Bell-shaped curve called?
|
The “ bell-shaped” curve is called a normal curve proportions from wise norms are 100 averages only 2 % diff at ends
|
|
|
35. Flynn effect
|
36) Flynn effect-averages person’s intelligence tests scores 80 years ago was by today standards 76=> because of inventions such as tv and videogames.
|
|
|
36. Reliability and validity: identify
|
36) Flynn effect-averages person’s intelligence tests scores 80 years ago was by today standards 76=> because of inventions such as tv and videogames.
|
|
|
37. impact of “headstart”
|
37) Drawbacks of “gifted child” programs because such programs can become self-fulfilling prophecies as children live up to/ down to other’s perceptions of their ability
|
|
|
38. In what way are intelligence tests biased?
|
38) Reliability- extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on 2 halves of the test, on the alternate forms or retesting. If scores correlate. Test-retest or split half scores.- validity- extent to which the test actually measures what is supposed to measure or predict. – contect validity- test taps the pertinet behavior- criterion- an independent measure of what test aims to assess EX: aptitude tests must have predictive validity meaning predict future achievement…………..read in book……………
|
|
|
39. What portion of the group falls b/w +/- standard deviation of the bell-shaped curve
|
IQ” test are biased- aptitude test aim to predict how well a test taker will performing givin situation. So necessarily biased
|
