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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex.
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unconditioned response
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A cognitive model of classical conditioning that states that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected.
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Rescorla-Wagner model
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Thorndike's general theory of learning, which states that any behavior that leads to a "satisfying state of affairs" is more likely to occur again and that those that lead to an "annoying state of affairs" are less likely to reoccur.
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law of effect
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Reinforcers that are innately reinforcing, such as those that satisfy biological needs.
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primary reinforcers
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The strengthening of a synaptic connection so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated.
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
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The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement.
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partial-reinforcement extinction effect
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Neurons in the premotor cortex that are activated during observation of others performing an action.
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mirror neurons
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Regions in the brain that support ICSS
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Pleasure Centers
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A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus.
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extinction
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A stimulus that occurs following a response that decreases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.
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Punishment
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Occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.
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stimulus generalization
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A learned tendency to differentiate between two similar stimuli if one is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus and the other is not.
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stimulus discrimination
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The increase in the probability of a behavior being repeated through the removal of an aversive stimulus.
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negative reinforcement
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Eric Kandel's work with the aplysia (a sea slug) has demonstrated what?
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that habituation and sensitization, simple forms of learning, are associated with changes in the function of the synapse.
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projects from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens.
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mesolimbic dopamine system
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The decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of nonthreatening stimuli
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habituation
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imitation by an animal or human of a behavior that has been observed
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Modeling
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Law of Effect is:
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the theory stating that any behavior that leads to a positive outcome will be strengthed, whereas behaviors that lead to negative outcomes will be weakened
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Reigons of the brain that support intracrainal self-stimulation
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Pleasure Centers
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A reinforcement schedule in which the number of responses necessary for reinforcement or interval responses does not vary
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fixed schedule
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rewarding of successive approximations of a desired behavior
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shaping
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A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of an experience
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learning
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learning that occurs in the absense of reinforcement
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latent learning
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occurs when we watch others perform a behavior and observe the consequences of that behavior.
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Vicarious learning
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Example of the removal of the chance to earn a food reward is intended to reduce the number of incorrect responses
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negative punishment
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therapist who developed the technique of systematic desensitization
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Joseph Wolpe
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leads to changes in the postsynaptic neuron making it more likely that the neuron will fire.
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Long-term potentiation
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may only temporarily inhibit an unwanted behavior is one reason why learning theorists suggest using rewards to reinforce desired behaviors is a better way to produce changes in behavior
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punishment
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The Rescorla-Wagner model of classical conditioning that states that the strength of the association between the CS and US can be explained based on...
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the extent to which the US is unexpected
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Which of the following produces the strongest conditioning?
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presentation of the CS followed immediately by presentation of the US
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