Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is health psychology
|
devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they become ill
|
|
|
what is cultural evolution
|
the adaptive change of a culture to recurrent environmental pressures
|
|
|
what is lifestyle
|
total behaviour of a person or a way in which a person leads their life
|
|
|
what five lifestyle factors?
|
nutrition, physical fitness, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, STIS/AIDS
|
|
|
what is the body's response to quitting smoking?
|
20 min - bp, pulse decrease to normal, body temp to extremities increases
1 day - heart attack risk decreases 2 days - nerve ending regenerates, taste and smell acuity 3 days - breath easier, increase lung capacity 2wk-3month - circulation improves, more lung efficiency 5 years - risk of death by lung cancer reduced 47% |
|
|
what is self control?
|
behaviour that produces a larger long-term reward when people are faced w/ the choice b/t it and the smaller short-term reward
|
|
|
what are the 3 phases of selye's general adaptation syndrome?
|
alarm - resistance - exhaustion
|
|
|
what two systems are involved in stress?
|
sympatheticadrenomedullary system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis
|
|
|
what is the cognitive appraisal of stress?
|
the individual perception of a stressful situation that affects the response to the situation
|
|
|
what two steps does cognitive appraisal involve?
|
evaluation of seriousness of the threat, assess whether we have the resources to cope w/ it
|
|
|
what is type A behaviour?
|
behaviour pattern that is characterized by high level of competitiveness and hostility (increased risk of heart disease)
|
|
|
what is a coping strategy?
|
how we predict and react to stressful situations
|
|
|
what is problem-focused coping?
|
a strategy that is focused on reducing or eliminating a stressor
|
|
|
what is emotion-focused coping?
|
strategy that is directed at changing your emotional reaction to a stressor
|
|
|
what is stress inoculation training and how many steps are involved?
|
anticipating stressor and deciding how to cope w/ it; 7 goals
|
|
|
what is the psychodynamic perspective on mental disorders?
|
Mentald isorders originate in intrapsychic conflict produced by the id, ego, and superego.
|
|
|
what is the medical perspective on mental disorders?
|
Mental disorders are caused by specific abnormalities of the brain and nervous system.
|
|
|
what is the cognitive behavioural perspective on mental disorders?
|
Mental disorders are learned maladaptive behaviour patterns that can best be understood by focusing on environmental factors.
|
|
|
what is the humanistic perspective on mental disorders?
|
Mental disorders arise when people perceive that they must earn the positive regard of others.
|
|
|
what is the sociocultural perspective on mental disorders
|
Theculturesinwhich people live play a significant role in the development of mental disorders. Moreover, some mental disorders appear to exist only in certain cultures.
|
|
|
what is the biopsychosocial perspective on mental disorders?
|
Psychological disorders can best be understood in terms of the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.
|
|
|
when is a syndrome a mental disorder?
|
clinically significant detriment, internal source of distress, involuntary manifestation
|
|
|
what are the 5 axis for the DSM-IV classification of mental disorders?
|
1 - clinical syndromes
2 - personality disorders 3 - general medical conditions 4 - psychosocial/environmental problems 5 - global assessment of functioning scale |
|
|
what are the 3 categories of causation for mental disorders?
|
predisposing causes, precipitating causes, maintaining causes
|
|
|
what is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
|
A psychological disorder characterized by impulsivity, a lack of attention, and hyperactivity
|
|
|
how is an anxiety disorder characterized?
|
anxiety - stimulus or event is vague & not identifiable; in the future
fear - stimulus or event is specific and present |
|
|
what is generalized anxiety disorder
|
Chronic worry about many issues with heightened state of worry or arousal; genetic component, childhood trauma, leads to depression
|
|
|
what is an example of a social phobia?
|
fear of failing or being embarrassed in public; interfere w/ normal behaviour
|
|
|
how do phobias develop?
|
classical/operant conditioning, evolutionary perspective, cultural perspective
|
|
|
what is obsessive compulsive disorder?
|
irrational, disturbing thoughts, intrude, repetitive actions to alleviate
obsessions |
|
|
what is panic disorder?
|
Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, several minutes; sufferers live in fear of having them, “dying” or “heart
attack” |
|
|
describe someone w/ bipolar disorder
|
they alternate with manic episodes, cycling up and down for anywhere from a few days to a month; Mood levels swing from severe depression to extreme euphoria (cyclothymia = less severe)
|
|
|
what are two types of depression
|
Major depression disorder - severe (at least 2 weeks)
dysthymia - less severe, longer lasting (2 years) |
|
|
what are the three bases for depression?
|
biological, situational, cognitive
|
|
|
what is a conversion disorder?
|
Person temporarily loses some bodily function (blind, deaf); no physical damage
|
|
|
what is a somatization disorder
|
Long history of dramatic complaints re: different medical conditions
|
|
|
what are the 3 classes of drug effects?
|
intoxicating, withdrawal, permanent
|
|
|
what are the symptoms of delirium tremens?
|
hallucinations, panic, muscle temors, sweating, high heart rate, brain seizures
|
|
|
what is a dissociative disorder?
|
person suddenly becomes unaware of some aspect of their identity or history; literally a dis-association of memory
|
|
|
what are the characteristics of dissociative amnesia?
|
memory loss is the only symptom; selective loss surrounding traumatic events
|
|
|
what are the characteristics of dissociative fugue
|
global amnesia w/ identity replacement
|
|
|
what is dissociative identity disorder?
|
2 or more distinct personalities manifested by the same person at different times; abuse, biological predisposition
|
|
|
what are the symptoms of schizophrenia?
|
delusions, hallucinations, absence of normal cognition or affect, disorganized speech/behaviours
|
|
|
what are the kinds of delusions in schizophrenia?
|
persecution, grandeur, being controlled
|
|
|
what are the two kinds of disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
|
overinclusion - idea to idea w/o logical association
paralogic - seems logical, seriously flawed |
|
|
what are the subtypes of schizophrenia?
|
paranoid, catatonic, disorganized, undifferentiated
|
|
|
what could lead to a schizoprenic disorder
|
increased dopamine, brain structure/function, family variables, heredity, neurotransmitters
|
|
|
who was philippe pinel?
|
reform in paris mental hospital, open air treatment, work treatment
|
|
|
who was dorthea dix?
|
reform of us mental hospitals, moral treatment, large state asylums (overcrowding, loss of public attention)
|
|
|
what is a clinical psychologist
|
ph.d or psy.d; grad training in research, diagnosis and therapy, clinical
|
|
|
what is the MMPI?
|
a psychometric personality test used in clinical assessment, 567 statements about self (true/false, scales)
|
|
|
what is a rorschach test?
|
looks at ink blots, discusses what each looks like to them, therapist interprets these explanations
|
|
|
what is a thematic apperception test?
|
client tells a story based on a picture they see, therapist interprets
|
|
|
what is an electroencephalogram?
|
pattern of electrical activity in the brain, used to scan for brain damage
|
|
|
what is a computerized axial tomography?
|
cat scan, multiple x-rays of the brain, look for anatomical abnormalities
|
|
|
what is magnetic resonance imaging?
|
mri, pictures of brain sections
|
|
|
what is a positron emission tomography?
|
pet scan, images that reflect pattern of blood flow and rate of oxygen use
|
|
|
what do most antipsychotic drugs work on? what are the problems with them?
|
neurotransmitter dopamine, relieve positive but not negative symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, may reduce chances of full recovery
|
|
|
what antidepressants are prescribed to treat depression?
|
tricyclics and ssri's, electroconvulsive therapy
|
|
|
what is used to treat bipolar disorder
|
lithium - don't really know how/why it works
|
|
|
what drugs are used to treat anxiety
|
barbiturates historically, now benzodiazepines
|
|
|
what is resistance in psychoanalysis
|
unconscious material causes anxiety, patient resists attempts to bring it to conscious, "forget" or refuse to discuss
|
|
|
what is transference in psychoanalysis?
|
patient's unconscious feelings about person in their life is experienced as feelings toward therapist
|
|
|
what is psychodynamic therapy?
|
freud, results from inner mental conflict, must make conflict conscious, repressed memories, unconscious wishes,
|
|
|
what is humanistic therapy?
|
emphasis on inner potential for positive growth, inner feelings and desires are seen as positive and life promoting, main goal is to help client take control of their own life
|
|
|
what is client-centered therapy
|
carl rogers, focus on thoughts, abilities, cleverness of client (not insights of therapist) therapist = sounding board for clients thoughts, empathy, unconditional positive regard
|
|
|
what is cognitive therapy
|
people disturb themselves w/ their own thoughts, identify maladaptive ways of thinking and replace w/ adaptive ways
|
|
|
what is ellis' relative emotive therapy?
|
negative emotions arise from peoples irrational interpretations of experiences; musterbations - must do/have something, awfulizing - mental exaggerations of setbacks
|
|
|
what is systematic desensitization?
|
train muscle relaxation, combine imagery of feared object w/ relaxation, use increasingly frightening scenes
|
|
|
what is flooding (used for phobias)
|
expose person to feared stimulus, allow them to experience the fear until it declines/disappears
|
