Psych 100 Module 2

Front 1

who was Phineas Gage?

Back 1

a patient w/ severe damage to the frontal lobe. he had profound changes in personality and social behaviour

Front 2

what is psychology?

Back 2

study of behavior study of mental processes, internal states

Front 3

dendrite

Back 3

receives signals from other neurons

Front 4

cell body/soma

Back 4

signals are summed (contains nucleus, chromosomes)

Front 5

axon and axon terminal

Back 5

transmits small electrical signals

Front 6

myelin sheath

Back 6

fatty cells wrapped around axon to insulate it

Front 7

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 7

small, unmyelinated sections

Front 8

cel membrane

Back 8

forms the outside of the neuron and separates it from the fluid outside

Front 9

motor neurons

Back 9

control muscles

Front 10

sensory neurons

Back 10

detect sensory information (light, sound, temp, pain, taste, smell)

Front 11

interneurons

Back 11

b/t motor and sensory (make up most neurons)

Front 12

electrophysiology

Back 12

study of electric signals generated and transmitted by neurons

Front 13

the inside of a neuron is more ___ than the outside

Back 13

negative (resting membrane potential)

Front 14

action potential

Back 14

small, positive electrical impulse generated by neurons

Front 15

how is an action potential generated?

Back 15

sodium channels open - sodium comes in and depolarizes/makes it less negative
potassium channels open - potassium moves out/repolarizes
hyperpolarization - more negative, keeps it from firing

Front 16

explain the conduction of an action potential.

Back 16

generated at the axon hillock, moves down axon until it reaches axon terminal

Front 17

sodium-potassium pump

Back 17

constantly moves na+ and k+ in/out to allow the neuron to produce more action potentials

Front 18

all-or-none law

Back 18

action potentials either fire or they don't, they are all the same size

Front 19

rate code

Back 19

rate of action potentials carries information regarding strength/intensity

Front 20

neurotransmitters

Back 20

chemical messengers that communicate b/t neurons

Front 21

neurotransmission

Back 21

neurotransmitters released through axon terminal, diffuse through extra-cellular space, and act on dendrites of next cell

Front 22

hormones

Back 22

chemical messengers that are released in the body and act on specific targets to affect body function (adrenaline, testosterone, growth hormone)

Front 23

synaptic cleft

Back 23

fluid-filled gap b/t neurons

Front 24

describe the major steps in neurotransmission

Back 24

the presynaptic neuron contains synaptic vesicles w/ neurotransmitter substance; when an a.p. arrives the vesicles fuse w/ the cell membrane; vesicles open and neurotransmitter spills into synaptic cleft; binds to receptors in postsynaptic neuron

Front 25

reuptake

Back 25

neurotransmitter is transported back into presynaptic neuron and recycled

Front 26

enzymatic breakdown/deactivation

Back 26

enzymes metabolize the neurotransmitter into inactive components

Front 27

what does the lock and key model mean for neurotransmitter?

Back 27

neurotransmitters bind to their own special receptors

Front 28

excitatory postsynaptic potential

Back 28

Na+ channels open, depolarization

Front 29

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Back 29

K+ or Cl- channels open, hyperpolarization

Front 30

when will epsp's not create an a.p.?

Back 30

if they don't reach threshold through voltage-gated channels

Front 31

agonist drugs

Back 31

enhance/stimulate/mimic actions of endogenous neurotransmitters

Front 32

antagonist drugs

Back 32

reduce/inhibit/block actions of endogenous neurotransmitters

Front 33

drug

Back 33

exogenous chemical that alters body function at relatively low doses

Front 34

blood-brain barrier

Back 34

barrier of tight cells that line blood vessels in/around the brain and restrict movement of chemicals from blood to brain

Front 35

precursor drug

Back 35

molecule used to synthesize neurotransmitter - increased postsynaptic action

Front 36

receptor agonist

Back 36

binds to postsynaptic receptors; stimulates receptors

Front 37

reuptake blockers

Back 37

blocks reuptake - NT not removed from synaptic cleft - longer actions

Front 38

receptor antagonist

Back 38

block postsynaptic receptors; NT can't bind and activate

Front 39

GABA

Back 39

inhibitory neurotransmitter, binds to GABA receptors (so does alcohol)

Front 40

CNS

Back 40

central nervous system; brain and spinal cord

Front 41

PNS

Back 41

periferal nervous system; motor nerves, sensory nerves, autonomic nervous system

Front 42

CSF

Back 42

cerebrospinal fluid; fills ventricles in brain

Front 43

corpus callosum

Back 43

bundle of ventricles connecting left and right hemispheres

Front 44

cortex

Back 44

uneven outer part of the cerebral hemispheres - why is it uneven? (more surface area)

Front 45

function of frontal lobe

Back 45

motor/movement

Front 46

function of parietal lobe

Back 46

somatosensation

Front 47

function of occipital lobe

Back 47

primary visual cortex

Front 48

function of temporal lobe

Back 48

primary auditory cortex

Front 49

localization of function

Back 49

refers to the theory that distinct regions of the cortex control different, specific functions. In other words, each part of the brain has a functional specialization.

Front 50

function of association cortex

Back 50

they receive input from multiple sensory modalities and process information

Front 51

aphasia

Back 51

impaired language abilities due to brain damage

Front 52

Broca's aphasia

Back 52

damage to left frontal lobe; impaired speech production

Front 53

Wernicke's aphasia

Back 53

damage to left temporal lobe; impaired language comprehension

Front 54

what will happen if a flower is presented in the right visual field of a split brain patient? left visual field?

Back 54

it will go to speech center in left hemisphere - they say flower; will go to right hemisphere, no speech center, they saw nothing

Front 55

what will happen if a pear is shown in the left visual field of a split brain patient and they have to pick it up with their left arm? right arm?

Back 55

left visual field goes to right hemisphere which controls left arm, finds the pear; left hemisphere controls right arm, it gets no information and can't find the pear

Front 56

motivational systems

Back 56

systems in brain and rest of body that help body maintain “homeostasis” = constant internal body conditions

Front 57

set point

Back 57

range of normal values in homeostasis

Front 58

two mechanisms to control homeostasis

Back 58

behavioural system and internal body regulation

Front 59

hypothalamus

Back 59

regulates eating/food and fluid intake

Front 60

the lateral hypothalamus contains neurons that ____ hunger/thirst

Back 60

stimulate

Front 61

ventromedial hypothalamus

Back 61

satiety neurons signal when full

Front 62

serotonin's effect on appetite

Back 62

suppresses hunger

Front 63

effect of dopamine on the brain

Back 63

reward, reinforcement, pleasure; sexual activity, food, drink, nicotine, cocaine, marijuana

Front 64

amygdala's function

Back 64

receives sensory information; controls movement centers of the brain, autonomic nervous system, endocrine system

Front 65

function of prefrontal cortex

Back 65

allows us to respond emotionally to events/stimuli

Front 66

what does each measure? EEG, EMG, EOG

Back 66

EEG - brain activity
EMG - muscle activity
EOG - eye movement

Front 67

what does each activity mean? beta, alpha, theta, delta

Back 67

awake, relaxed, light sleep, deep sleep

Front 68

what do REM-ON cells do?

Back 68

muscular paralysis; when released from inhibition by serotonin and noradrenaline REM occurs

Front 69

3 theories why we sleep

Back 69

adaptive/protective, restorative process, learning/memory process

Front 70

pitch

Back 70

frequency of vibrations

Front 71

loudness

Back 71

intensity/amplitude

Front 72

timbre

Back 72

complexity, mix of frequencies

Front 73

explain the parts of the ear and how sound moves through it

Back 73

-outer ear (= pinna) collects and funnels sound into ear canal -> acts on tympanic membrane -> vibrates -> sets middle ear bones (ossicles) into motion -> the third of the ossicles (stapes) presses against opening in inner ear (oval window) -> movement of parts of inner ear (cochlea)

Front 74

where do high frequency and low frequency sounds move on the basilar membrane?

Back 74

high - close to oval window
low - far end of basilar membrane

Front 75

how does the organ of corti work?

Back 75

hair cells are suspended b/t basilar and tectorial membrane. when membranes move, hairs get bent left/right, opens ions channels, depolarize, neurotransmitter, action potentials signal brain

Front 76

how is loudness/intensity detected?

Back 76

more hair cells are excited - more NT released

Front 77

how is timbre/sound complexity detected?

Back 77

several regions of basilar membrane are activated together

Front 78

pacinian corpuscle

Back 78

neuron ends in specialized end organ; pressure/stretch pulls open ion channel, depolarization

Front 79

how do we sense pain?

Back 79

free nerve endings; tissue damage, release chemicals, act on free nerve endings (also detect temp)

Front 80

According to the MOTOR THEORY OF HEARING the following sequence of events occurs:
1- Traveling Wave produces _______ __________.
2. The ______ are stimulated.
3. The OHCs DETECT THIS SIGNAL, change their shape, and use local ______ ______ to amplify the stimulus signal.
4. IHCs respond by eliciting __________ ________ in their afferent neural fibers.
5. The nerve fibers carry this signal to the ________.

Back 80

radial shearing, cilia, energy source, action potentials, BRAIN