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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cognititive psychology
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a studfy of the mental processes by which information from the enviroment is modified, made meaningful stored retrived used and communicated to others
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information-processing system
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mechanisms for retrieving information, representing it with symbols and manipulation it
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thinking
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the minipulations of mental representations
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reaction time
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the time between presentation of stimulus and and overt responce to it
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formal concept
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a concept that can be clearly defined by a set of rules or properties
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natural concept
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a concept that has no fixed set of defining features but has a set of characteristic features
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prototype
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a member of a natural concept that possesses all or most of its charasteristic features
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proposition
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a mental representation of the relationship between concepts
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script
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a mental representation of familiar sequences of activity
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mental model
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a cluster of propositions represention our understanding of objects and processes that guides our interaction with those things
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image
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a mental representation of visual information
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cognative map
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a mental representation of familiar parts of the enviroment
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reasoning
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a process by which people generate and evaluate arguments and reach conclusions about them
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formal reasoning
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the process of following a set of rigorous procedures for reaching valid conclusions
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algorithm
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a systematic procedure that cannot fail to produce a correct solution to the problem if a solution exists
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rules of logic
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sets of statements that provide a formula for drawing vaid conclusions
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syllogism
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an argument made up of two propositions called premises and a conclusion based on those premises
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confirmation bias
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the tendency to pay more attention to evidence in support of ones hyphthesis than to evidence that refutes it
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informal reasoning
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the precoess of evaluating a conclusion, theory, or course of action on the basis of the believability of evidence
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heuristics
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timesaving mental shortcuts used in reasoning
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anchoring heurisitcs
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a mental shortcut that involves basing judgements on existing information
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representativeness heuristic
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a mental shortcut that involves judging whether something belongs in a given class on the basis of its similarity to other members of that class
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availability heuristic
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mental shortcut through which judgements are based on information that is most easlly brought to mind
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mental set
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the tendency for old patters of problem solving to persist even when they might not always be the most efficient alternative
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functional fixedness
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a tendency to think about familiar objedcts in familiar ways that may prevent using them in other ways
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utility
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the subjective measure of value
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expected value
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the total benefit to be expected if a decision were to be repeated several times
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syntax
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the set of rules that govern the formation or phrases and the sentences in a language
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semantics
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rules governing the meaning of words and sentences
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surface structure
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the order in which words are arranged are arranged in sentences
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the one word stage
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the stage of language developement during which children tend to used one word at a time
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telegraphic speech
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two word sentences formed around 18 months they are brief and to the point ex. "give book"
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babbling
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the first sounds infants make that resemble speech
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attributes
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the fact that each option has positive and negitive features
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risky decisions
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decisions when the outcome is uncertain
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Loss Aversion
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People Usually feel worse about loosing some amount than gaining the same amount
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group polarization
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The tendency towards extreme decisions by groups
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