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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Components of a sentence (So Sarah Please **** Me)
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Syntax-How do words go together (order of construction)
Semantics-What words mean Phoneme- Basic sound in a language Morpheme- Units of sound that have some meaning either free (words almost) or bound(s,ing,er,ed) Function Words: The glue that holds content words (be,do,I) Pragmatics- intergrating everything you know to real world situations |
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Deep Structure and Surface Structure
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Deep Structure: Underlying meaning of language
Surface Structure: The actual choice of words A gruff good to see you from your father (surface structure) has the deep structure I love you |
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What is voice-onset time?
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The delay between starting a sound and the movement of the sound through your vocal cords.
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Broca's Aphasia, Wernicke's Aphasia, Agrammatism, Isolation Aphasia
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Broca's Aphasia: Damage to Motor Association Cortex a condition characterized by severe impairments in producing/saying desired words.
Wernicke's Aphasia: Damage to upper left temporal lobe associated with problems producing and understanding words that don't relate to grammar (literally can't tell difference between words). Agrammatism: Extreme difficulty in producing and understanding complex grammars Isolation Aphasia: Associated with the ability to produce words while not understanding the meaning of words. |
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Different Types of Dyslexia (So Peter Did Die)
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Surface Dyslexia: People confuse the visual shapes of letters, so that "b" is confused with "d".
Phonological Dyslexia: People can understand the word, but they can't sound it out. Direct Dyslexia: When an individual can read words, but they can't understand the meaning of the words they are reading Developmental Dyslexia: The result of developmental problems rather than injury. |
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Semantic Priming
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Semantic Priming refers to information from an earlier part sentence leading one to expect a certain kind of info at the end of the sentence.
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4 Components of Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
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1) Children make hypotheses about the rules of grammar on their own without explicit instruction.
2) The language acquisition device is innate and narrows the range of possible hypotheses to include those found in language 3) The LAD makes outside reinforcement unnecessary as it provides internal motivation to learn language 4) Language is best learned during a critical period found in infancy. |
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Language-Acquisition-Support-System (LASS)
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"Baby Talk"
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Stages of Infant/Child Language Development
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1) At birth they show preference to their mother's voice, native language and any stories repeatedly read to them. Infants are initially sensitive to all phonemes
2) At around 6 months they begin to respond differently to phonemes in their native language and become less sensitive to phoneme difference in their native language. 3) Shortly after 6 months infants begin babbling which is an attempt to repeat phonemes that make up language. 4) 12-18 months infants begin to use words and form protowords ex. ba-ba for bottle. 5) 18-20 months Begin to use two words together ex. want ba-ba, more juice. 6) After 2nd year vocab's grow by 3-5 new words a day. They learn how to combine them using grammar ex. inflections which are suffixes that change the meaning of words |
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What are over-generalization errors?
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When a child applies an inflection rule to an irregular verb. Ex. I "growed" a lot last year (shows that some internal rule has been created on their own)
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Under-extension and Overextension
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Under-extension: When a child fails to include something in a category it belongs to Ex. child with a Great Dane sees a Chihuahua for the first time and calls it a cat instead of a dog.
Overextension: Occurs when a child includes something that shouldn't belong in a category Ex. calling a coyote a dog |
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Creolization
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Children raised in a mix of languages (pigeon) create a new blended language
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When Can You Learn Language
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If you don't learn language during the early critical period you can't learn it. Ex. Victor(jungle boy), Genie(attic girl) Genie was able to learn crude language not complex, victor none
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Semanticity
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Each word has meaning (Most animals can learn this)
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Generativity
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You can say anything with language ex. Purple Gorilla Big Blue Ate Cheese
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Displacement
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Able to talk about things not in the here and now
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Approaches to studying intelligence (Do Dig In)
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Intelligence is the ability to learn, remember and apply concepts and ideas.
Differential Approach: Creating tests that differentiate between people's knowledge and problem solving ability. Developmental Approach: Studies how children learn about the world, and how this changes as they grow and develop Information Processing Approach: Studies the types of skills and strategies people use to think about and solve problems. |
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Genetics/Heredity
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Genetics: the study of the genetic make-up of an organism and how this influences the organism's physical characteristics and behaviour.
Heredity is the study of how genes and traits are passed down generations. |
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DNA/Different Types of Proteins/What Is A Gene
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DNA is the recipe book from which the body builds and maintains itself. It is then translated into proteins which can either be structural (building blocks of the body) or they can be enzymes (control the chemistry of the body).
A gene is a sequence of DNA that codes a specific protein, and thus a specific function in the body. |
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Genotype vs. Phenotype
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Genotype refers to the underlying gene, while phenotype refers to the observable action or expression of that gene.
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Genes and Chromosomes
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Genes are organized into long strands, which are further organized into pairs of equally long strands called CHROMOSOMES. The human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 chromosomes). These chromosomes are normally reproduced in pairs, through mitosis (not in sex cells, division only occurs once.) Meiosis (is in sex cells and division occurs twice.)
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Gene Matching (homozygous,heterozygous,locus,alleles)
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Genes match with equally sized genes at areas of the chromosomes known as loci, when two identical alleles (genes) line up at a locus the animal is said to be homozygous for that allele. When two different alleles line up at a locus, the animal is said to be heterozygous at that allele.
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What Is Polygenetic Inheritance?
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More than one gene is required to pass the gene on. Therefore you can't use Mendellian (single gene characteristics) genetics, thus non-Mendellian traits are Polygenetic.
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Spearman's G (Two Factor Theory)
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Wanted to determine if there was a general intelligence that underlay performance in the different forms of IQ tests. He found that there are 2 factors that influenced performance on these tests: general intelligence and specific intelligence(largely experience based).
Cattell further developed this idea by breaking g into (general fluid intelligence - general mental ability that could be adapted to any use) and (general crystal intelligence - mental abilities based on previous experience/learning). |
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Sternberg's Information Processing Theory of Intelligence
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Three components to intelligence:
1) Analytical Intelligence refers to the ability to analyze, plan, and execute mental tasks. 3 functions underlie this: metacomponents(knowing what you know) performance components (your ability to perform mental tasks like memory,reading math) and knowledge acquisition components (the ability to acquire, integrate, and use info). 2) Creative Intelligence: Refers to an individual's ability to deal with new problems or solutions. 3) Functional Intelligence: Refers to how well an individual can apply their knowledge and creativity to events in their environment or culture. (street smarts) |
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Neuropsychological Theories of Intelligence (Multiple Intelligences) (Lovers Need Very Lucious Meetings In Inner Body)
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Intelligence is made up of 8 different aspects:
1) Logical-Mathematical 2)Linguistic 3)Visual-Spatial 4)Naturalist 5)Bodily-Kinaesthetic 6)Musical 7)Intrapersonal 8)Interpersonal |
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IQ tests
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Binet and Simon in France change to Stanford-Binet.
Intelligence Quotient: a function of the mental age of a child divided by their actual age. Deviation IQ: score based on a child's relative score compared to children of the same age Wexler: The adult test is called WAIS-III free of bias not limited to verbal content These tests are good predictors of academic performance but poor indicators of what kind of job an individual will get. |
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Epigenetic Modification
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How gene's are differentially expressed. You have a gene for being aggressive, but since you were raised by your passive Grandma you aren't aggressive.
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Stages of Prenatal Development (Zebras Eat Flesh)
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1) Zygote Stage: When two cells meet and begin to divide into a much large ball of cells. This stage lasts roughly two weeks.
2) Embryonic Stage: Lasts until about eight weeks and is characterized by the beginning function of the body's critical organs. If the fetus is to become male androgens must be released during this period for the fetus to begin male development. 3) Fetal Stage: Lasts the remainder of pregnancy and is characterized by the continued development of the body up to birth. |
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Piaget's Development of Reasoning (Some People Can't ****)
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Sensorimotor Schemas (Birth - 2 years): During this stage, the child does much exploring using its senses and its newfound mobility.
Pre-operational Schemes: (2-7 years): During this stage, children are able to express their knowledge verbally, and begin to understand more complicated sensorimotor stimuli. Concrete-Operational: (7-12 years): The child is now able to understand cause and effect relationships, the child is capable of understanding the reason "how" things happen. Formal-Operational Schemes (12+ years): The child/teenager is now able to think theoretically, and apply specific knowledge to general rules and vice versa. |
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Approaches to Studying Intelligence
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Differential-looking at tests
Developmental- study how children learn to perceive Information Processing- Types of skills people use to solve problems |
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Donald Hebb
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Sources of intelligence are a combination of genetics and environment.
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Inductive/Deductive
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Inductive: Sample to large population (you need a comparison group, and to be aware of confirmation bias)
Deductive: Fully logically proven, taken from general to specific |
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Vygotsky
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His view was that children has an actual developmental level that represented their maximum current cognitive capacity. However this capacity could be exceeded with the help of an experienced teacher/helper creating a zone of proximal development where the experience and guidance of the teacher could help the child tackle tougher mental tasks than they could alone. He thinks that language is the MOST IMPORTANT THING IN DEVELOPMENT AND THAT DEVELOPMENT COMES FROM LANGUAGE
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Theory of Mind
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The idea that other people can have different thoughts than oneself. The classic test of theory of mind is the Sally-Anne False Belief task. Jane and Jill are playing with a ball. Jane leaves it on the table then leaves the room herself. When Jane is gone, Jill moves the ball under a chair. Where will Jane first look for the ball when she returns? You or I would say the table, because we know Jane doesn't know that it was moved. Children less than 4 years old, without theory of mind will typically say under the chair b/c we think our thoughts are synonymous.
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Reflexes When Born
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Rooting- When something brushes the babies cheek they automatically turn head and open mouth
Babinski- If you stroke the babies foot then the toes fan out then curl Tonic Neck- Sucking Moro- Reaching - They start to reach (poorly guided arm movements towards interesting stimuli) Grasping - You touch their palm you grab their hand For reaching and grasping starts as a reflex but they notice adults do it for a purpose so they start to |
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Motor Milestones
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5-7.5 months - they situp
9 months - stand with support 12-13 months - start walking 16 months - walk backwards up stairs carry things 2 years- they run and kick **** and they can use stuff and open doors |
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Executive Functioning
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Controls and regulates behaviour this is because pre-frontal cortex develops last
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Menarche/Seminarche
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First time broads have period, first time you cum as a guy
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Little Albert Watson Theory of Development
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All behaviour is learned, little albert got scared by mice pretty much operant conditioning he made a little kid scared of mice by making a loud noise
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Piaget's 3 Schemas (All ******* Eat)
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In development, there's 3 reactions that can happen when formulating a schema
1) Something fits in already perfectly that means its ASSIMILATED 2) ACCOMMODATION - makes the exception to a rule, bend the rules a little modify a little 3) Equibrilation - You have to completely rechange your schema (Shin) |
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Eriksons Lifespan and Development
MAKE A SENTENCE! |
Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Self Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Role Confusion vs. Identity Intimacy vs Isolation Generativty vs Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair |
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James Marcia 4 Types of Teen Crises
Finally I Ate Meat |
Foreclosure- found identity but didn't explore options
Identity Difusion- You don't form and identity and you didn't explore options Achievement- You find identity and you explore your options Moratorium- Explored all options still no identity |
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Bandura - Social Cognitive Theory
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Everything we learned is based upon observations, reciprocal determinism
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Theory-Theory
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Theory-Theory is that babies learning by making hypotheses and confirming or testing them
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Core Knowledge Noam
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Learning is innate
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External Attributions Internal Attributions
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External- You attribute characteristics come from external sources
Internal Attribution- You attribute characteristics from internal sources |
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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You attribute things differently to yourself then you do to other people
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Hoffman described three kinds of paternal discipline
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1) Power assertion: rewards and punishments are given for behaviours
2) Love withdrawal: parents express disapproval of the child and not just its actions 3) Induction: Verbal reasoning is used to try and demonstrate to a child the consequences of their behaviour on others |
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Primacy Effect, Trait Negativity, Person Positivity Bias
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ss
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Realistic Conflict Theory
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Similar Goals Work Together Different Have Beef
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Pygmalion Effect
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Self Fulfilling prophecies of a stereotype, people are more likely to act like their stereotype
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Functional Attitudes - Define Attitudes 5 Main Functions
(Use Very Excellent Scientific Knowledge) |
Utilitarian, Value-Expressive, Ego Defensive, Social, Knowledge
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Implicit and Explicit Attitudes
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Explicit- Consciously aware of what you think about
Implicit- Things you think of unconsciously IAT - Implicit Association Test |
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5 Factors of Attitude Strength
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Accessibility, Amount of Conflict, Importance, Certainty, Knowledge
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Message Learning Theory
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Thought to persuade people you have to be aware of what you are learning, you have to hear it, you have to give into the opinion, and you have to allow for it to sink in.
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Elaboration Likelihood Model
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Central - If they have a good model you'll be convinced
Peripheral - She has nice **** you believe her |
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Cognitive Dissonance
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You have a disconnect between behaviours and attitudes, you feel ****** about something you rationalize.
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Parental Investment Theory
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When you spend more time with your kids you have to stop doing **** you want
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Epigamy
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Developing traits that make ******* wanna **** you
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The Big Five Personality Traits
(OCEAN) |
Allport - 170 traits Cattell 16 traits then made the Big Five (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism)
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Psychodynamic Approach to Personality Id,Ego,Superego
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Id follows pleasure principle and is largely unconscious, the ego was the part of the brain concerned with making decisions and rational thinking and followed reality principle. It was the rule that the ego followed and meant it tried to realistically match the demands of the id with the demand of the super ego. The super ego was concerned with moral principles, and could be thought of as ones conscience
Super Ego is Angel, Id Is The Devil, Ego Is Middle |
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Julian Rotter's Locus of Control
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Internal Locus: You did it (You Control)
External Locus: Out of Control (Fate) |
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Freuds Defense Mechanisms
(Red-******* Rats Really Rattle Dylan Payne) |
Repression-keeping unconscious thoughts from surfacing in conscious thinking.
Displacement- Redirects unsuitable motivations towards more suitable ones (Sublimation occurs when displacement results in a positive social action) Reaction Formation: The redirection of a motivation into its exact opposite (that is more acceptable) Projection: The transfer of the motivation to another person Rationalization: Uses conscious reasoning to explain away anxious thoughts generated by unacceptable motivations. Conversion: Occurs when the psychological causes of distress manifest themselves as physical symptoms aimed at avoiding the distress. |
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Self Perception Theory
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The opposite of introspection, YOUR ACTIONS INFLUENCE HOW YOU FEEL.
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The Looking Glass Self
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You See Yourself In Others
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Sociometer Theory
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Your self esteem is a reflection of other people's opinions of you.
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Protecting Against Failure
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Self-Handicapping, Basking In Reflected Glory, Downward Social Comparisons
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Self Serving Cognitions
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Better than Average Effect, Unrealistic Optimism, Self-Serving Attributions (do something ****** its somebody else, do something good its you)
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Self Discrepancy Theory
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Actual Self, Ideal Self(what other people would like you to be), Ought Self(who you ought to be)
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Children Self Concept
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2 years - increase of verbal and self awareness, at 8 years they start to think what other people think and draw comparisons on themselves and again at adolescence (imaginary audience everybody thinks they are watching them)
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7 Stages of Moral Reasoning
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Heteronymous(do things just to avoid punishment), Instrumental(Is it fair?), Good Child (Do things to be perceived as good), Law and Order(Do things just to follow the laws of society), Social Contract(You realize its not just law and order some versions of whats right is different from others), Universal Ethics(You do things to hold the universal tenants of justice), Cosmic Orientation(You think abstractly and grapple with why morality is important should you have universal maxims)
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Piagets Moral
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1) Moral Realism: Ages 5-10 kids are really egotistical and can't think about anything but themselves
2) Morality of Co-Operation: You understand people better, more empathetic |
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Hoffmans 3 Parenting Styles
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Power Assertion- rewards or punishments are given for behaviours
Love Withdrawal- Parents express disapproval of the child (and not just the child's actions) Induction- Verbal Reasoning is employed to try and demonstrate to a child the consequences of their behaviour on others. |
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John Baulby 4 Stages of Attachment
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1) Pre-Attachment (you rely on them for everything first 6 weeks)
2) Attachment in the Making (6 weeks to 6 months, more preference to familiar people) 3) Clear Cut (When you actually seek out your mom for comfort) 4) Reciprocal Relationship Phase (You can be away from your parents and you know they're there) |
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Types of Attachments
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Secure- you cry when she leaves cry when she comes back
Insecure Avoidant-you don't care either way Insecure Resistant- sometimes they care sometimes they don't Disorganized-They cry and are calm at strange times |
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Do Humans Imprint
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No only animals
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Three Basic Temperants
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Easy, Baby, Slow to Warm Up
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6 Basic Emotions
(Slim Shady Hates **** And Dykes) |
Sad, Surprised, Happy, Fearful, Angry, Disgusted
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Sexual Dymorphism
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Cognitive and Behavioural Aspect - girls are more relaxed guys are more aggressive, guys are better at pattern recognition girls are better at verbal tasks
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Homophily
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People associate with people who are more like them
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4 Different Emotion Theories
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Cannon and Bard - Brain tells you what emotion you feel and because of that a physiological response is elicited
Antonio Damagio- emotions are an automatic response to a stimuli James & Lang - Says ANS sends the signal to your brain and each emotion has a specific pattern Schachter's Two Factor Theory - Your body will elicit a physiological attraction and situationally you determine your emotion |
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Amygdala and emotions
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Amygdala and negative emotions are connected
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Two Types of Drives
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Nonregulatory (SERS Social Educative Reproduction Safety) and Regulatory (controlled by homeostasis ex. hunger)
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Central State Theory
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They're central hubs which control different things in your body and involves detection of imbalances and then makes you correct the imbalance via a motor function
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Intrinsic + Extrinsic
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Intrinsic- Do it for "ethically good reasons"
Extrinsic- Do it for rewards |
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3 ways to study how environment and genetics affect behaviour
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developmental psych
evolutionary psych behavioural genetics |
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Misunderstandings of Evolution
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Natural Fallacy - Things that evolve over time are good traits
Genetic Determinist Fallacy - Think that evolution is an outcome of genetics but not the environment which is so true |
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Conformity
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Adjusting behaviour and attitudes to a group norm, the two reasons people conform are information influence and normative influence which is when ppl. conform to a group to avoid being the outlier
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Two Types of Conformity
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Private Conformity- where you actually conform and change beliefs to meet the group.
Public Conformity- You act like you conform but you don't actually. |
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Compliance and Obedience
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Compliance is a change in behaviour elicited from a direct request from somebody who isn't an authority figure.
Obedience is a change in behaviour elicited from a direct request from somebody who is an authority figure (Milgram) |
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Things that Affect Obedience (Milgram)
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1) Proximity to authority figure
2) Proximity to the victim 3) Legitimacy of the authority figure 4) Use of incremental requests 5) Personal Responsibility (Is it there or not?) 6) Presence of unconsenting/consenting Allies |
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Principles of Influence
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Consistency and Commitment, Reciprocity, Social Proof, Liking, Authority, Scarcity, Perceptual Contrast( difference in size of what's being asked)
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Influential Strategies
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Lowballing, Foot-In-The-Door, Door-In-The-Face(make one unreasonable request and then make a lesser reasonable one), Wait That's Not All
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Group Polarization
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Enhancement of the group attitude through discussion
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Groupthink
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Need for agreement in a group overrides alternative courses of action (occurs when group is cohesive, when a group is in a stressful situation, when the group is homogenous, when the group doesn't have procedures for good decision making, when the group has direct leadership)
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Kubler-Ross proposed that people go through five distinct stages when faced with death/trauma
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1) Denial
2) Anger 3) Bargaining 4) Depression 5) Acceptance |
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The two mechanisms to maximize payoffs in social interactions
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1) reputation (a memory for past interactions)
2) reciprocation (rewarding cooperation and punishing defection) Combined these mechanisms allow for accountability |
