Psych 1 Ch 8

Front 1

cognition

Back 1

Thinking, gaining knowledge, and using knowledge.
Requires ATTENTION (focusing on it) and CATEGORIZATION (determining what it is).

Front 2

Attention

Back 2

Tendency to respond to some stimuli more than others at any given time or to remember some more than others.

Front 3

Preattentive process

Back 3

Identifying things that stand out immediately and don't require a shift of attention.

e.g. one white bird among brown birds.

Front 4

Attentive process

Back 4

Requires searching through items in a serious.

e.g. Where's Waldo?

Front 5

Conceptual networks

Back 5

When you think of something it gives rise to other related concepts, more general and more specific.

e.g. Bird->anima, flying, sparrow.

Front 6

Stroop effect

Back 6

When color terms are written in a different color it's harder for us to say what color it is rather than read the word.

Front 7

Change blindness

Back 7

Failure to detect changes in parts of scene.

e.g. asking direction, doesn't realize asker changed.

Front 8

Shifting attention

Back 8

When doing more than one thing at once, one activity interferes with the other, even if it's simple.

Front 9

Attentional blink

Back 9

During a brief time after perceiving something, it is difficult to attend to something else.

Front 10

ADD

Back 10

Attention deficit disorder.

Front 11

Choice-delay task

Back 11

Choosing a small reward now or big reward later, prefer reward now.

Front 12

Stop signal task

Back 12

e.g. Press a button when you see a circle, but don't if you hear a beep shortly after you see the circle; harder to inhibit their responses when they hear beep.

Front 13

Algorithm

Back 13

Mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis.

i.e. trying every possible solution to a problem.

Front 14

heuristic

Back 14

Strategies for simplifying a problem and generating a satisfactory guess; guide our decisions but may lead to errors.

Front 15

Representativeness heuristic

Back 15

If an item resembles other items in a category, we assume it's also a member of that category.

Front 16

Avilability heuristic

Back 16

Strategy of assuming that how easily one can remember examples of some kind of item indicates how common the item itself is.

e.g. Lots of muggings in your area=more wary to go out at night alone.

Front 17

Confirmation bias

Back 17

Accept a hypothesis and find other examples to support it instead of considering other options.

Front 18

Functional fixedness

Back 18

tendency to adhere to a single approach or single way of using an item.

Front 19

Framing questions

Back 19

The way a question is posed influences the way you answer it.

Front 20

Sunk cost effect

Back 20

Willingness to do something b/c of money or effort already spent.

e.g. keep betting despite losses b/c you've already put down a lot of money.

Front 21

Maximizing

Back 21

Considering every possibility until you find the best one.

e.g. looking at all clothes in store.

Front 22

Satisficing

Back 22

Searching possibilities until you find one that is good enough.

e.g. picking the first acceptable outfit in store.

Hint 22

Problem solving.

Front 23

Productivity

Back 23

Ability to combine words into new sentences to express different ideas.

Front 24

Transformational grammar

Back 24

Rules for making and understanding sentences.

Front 25

Having a normal brain and normal intelligence

Back 25

does not necessarily produce language.

Front 26

Language acquisition device

Back 26

Suggestion that there is a built-in human mechanism for acquiring language.

e.g. babies learn to detect individual words by listening to different combination of words.

Front 27

Broca's aphasia

Back 27

Condition characterized by difficulty in language production.

e.g. can't find the words to make a sentence.

Front 28

Wernicke's aphasia

Back 28

Condition marked by difficulty to recall the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language.

e.g. may respond in a full, fluid sentence that doesn't address the question.

Front 29

Language development

Back 29

Progression w/ lanugage largely relies on maturation, not just extra practice.

Children exposed to no language early on have a very hard time learning it later.

Front 30

Doubly embedded sentences

Back 30

Harder to understand the meaning.

e.g. The dog the cat saw chased a squirrel.

Front 31

Double negatives

Back 31

Overburden our memory.

Front 32

Word-superiority effect

Back 32

Most people can identify a letter more accurately when it is part of a whole word than when it is presented by itself.

Front 33

phoneme

Back 33

A unit of sound (f or sh).

Front 34

Morpheme

Back 34

A unit of meaning (and or -s, indicating a plural).

Front 35

Fixations

Back 35

When your eyes are stationary.

Front 36

Saccades

Back 36

Quick eye movements that take your eyes from one fixation point to another.