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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empiricism + Materialism
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determinism
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determinism
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doctrine that behavior is the result of prior events (led to the concept that education and experiences are a key to psychology
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Producing change through education
(early 1800s) |
emphasis on casual factors that produce change
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Thorndike's Law of effect (early model of learning and conditioning)
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universal principle by which habits might be learned: events have outcomes, and those outcomes create probabilities that the event will occur again
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Montessori Method
(MM still prominent today) |
children mature through stages: sensitive to different types of instruction at different developmental stages
(by nature children are variable and should be taught according to those individual difference) |
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Producing change through psychotherapy
Phillippe Pinel (1745-1826) |
-father of psychiatry, head of first asylum
-prior to Pinel, mentally ill were cared for by family -first attempts to use therapies to treat Mental Illness |
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Hypnosis
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common treatment, discovered by Charcot in mid-1800s
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Structuralism
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structure of the mind, science of immediate experience: Wundt (father of psychology, introspection (look within))
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functionalism
Darwin, James |
focus on components of consciousness and the process of conscious activity
-bio emphasis (what is the purpose of a natural process) -darwin, father of modern evolutionary theory -james, father of modern psychology |
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psychodynamic theory
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freud: emphasis on unconscious and biological drives
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psychology in transition:
baldwin, calkins |
experimental emphasis
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behaviorism:
thorndike, pavlov, watson, skinner,washburn |
emphasis on observable behavior
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humanistic psychology:
rogers |
reaction against behaviorism and freud
-emphasis on choice and positive growth |
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reaction against behaviorism
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emphasis on cognition
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gestalt psychology:
wertheimer |
emphasis on organization of cognitive processes
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cognitive psychology:
kosslyn |
emphasis on info processing
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emphasis on neurobiology:
hebb |
biologists who study the nervous system
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scientific method
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set of procedural rules scientists should follow while conducting research
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3 major types of research
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-naturalistic or clinical observation
-correlation study -experiment |
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naturalistic/clinical observation
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observation of subjects in natural environment
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correlation study
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observational but measuring the occurrence of two or more features
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experiment
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only way to truly determine cause
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5 steps in an experiment
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-identifying the problem
-designing an experiment -performing the experiment -examining the data -communicating the results |
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identifying the problem: getting an idea for research
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research questions are translated into testable hypotheses
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hypothesis
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statement of what you think should happen in your experiment
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theory
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set of statements designed to explain a set of results and is more elaborate than hypothesis
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naturalistic observations
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ex: observing animals in their natural environment
-remain in the background |
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clinical
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in the form of case studies
-observations of behavior of people who are undergoing diagnosis or treatment |
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survey
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asking people questions
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designing an experiment
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-independent variables (iv)
-dependent variables (dv) -experimental group -control group -operational definitions -confounding of variables |
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iv
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things that you alter
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dv
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things that you measure
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experimental group
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subjects who get the 'treatment'
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control group
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subjects who have everything the same as the Ex group, but no treatment
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operational defintions
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exact way a researcher describes his IVs and DVs
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confounding variables
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outside influence of another variable you have not accounted for (not your IV)
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reliability of measurements
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likelihood that if the measurement war made again, t would yield the same results
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performing an experiment
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if a test is subjective it will be less reliable
-solution? try to make the test as objective as possible (use multiple rater) -inter-rater reliability |
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selecting participants
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-random assignments reduce confounding
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expectancy effects:
participant expectation |
if the subject knows what is expected of him (whether in the exp. or control group), then his behavior may be altered
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single blind experiments
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subject has no idea whether he is in the exp. or control group, thus does not know what the experimenter would expect from his behavior
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experimenter expectations
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if experimenter knows which subjects are exp. and control, her belief about what should happen may unknowingly bias her evaluation of data
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double blind experiements
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neither the experimenter or the subjects know what group each is in
-this way no one's behavior or evaluation will be biased based on preconceived notions of what should happen |
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correlation studies
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-cannot infer causation
-can only state that there is a relationship between the variables of interest -may be due to a third unknown variable |
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experimental studies
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-can infer casual relationship between variables of interest
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reporting and generalizing study
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publishing data for scientific audience
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generalization
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what does your experiment mean in the real world?
-can you apply your results to the pop. from which you took your samples? -being used to describe pop. as whole -results may be replicated replication helps weed out errors |
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research w/ human participants:
research compliance w/ following principles |
-minimize risk and maximize benefits
-informed consent, knowledge of risk -deception generally unacceptable -private lives generally off limits -confidentiality -vulnerable pop. -debriefing |
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institutional review board (irb)
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ensures compliance w/ ethics principles
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research w/ animals
animals cannot give informed consent |
-is the research important and worth doing?
-have we minimized harm to the animals? -are the animals getting best possible care? -are animals being treated humanely? IACUC (institutional animal care and use committee) |
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descriptive statistics
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what are the results?
-mathematical procedures for organizing sets of numbers or data -numeric descriptors -central tendency (mean: average scores, median: middle score, mode: most frequently occurring score) -dispersion (range: range over which all scores lie, variance: difference between individual score and the mean squared and then averaged, standard deviation: square root of the mean, representing average way one person's score differs from the mean) |
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inferential statistics
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distinguishing chance from significance
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measurement of relations
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correlation coefficients (a measurement of the degree to which two variables are related range from 0 to 1
-can be positive or negative -indicates direction or relationship |
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correlation of 1
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means x occurs every time y occurs, 0 means x NEVER occurs when y occurs
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inferential statistics: distinguish chance from significance
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calculates the probability that results are due to chance
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statistical significance
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determined by statistical analyses performed on data and found when an observed relation or difference between two variables is not due to chance
(p<0.05) |
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frequency distribution
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to see how many scores 'fall'
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Behavior Genetics
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the field of study that examines the role of genetics in animal (including human) behavior
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law of effect
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if you do something, and something great happens to you when you do that. You will then have a higher probability of doing that behavior again. Concept of reward. OR you get punished for doing something, and you don’t do it again.
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Organizational Psychologist
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What interventions will improve productivity and job satisfaction? (companies and gov agencies)
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Community Psychologist
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How can social systems be improved in a way that is beneficial? (org for disadvantaged)
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Consumer Psychologist
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What motivates the consumer to purchase products? (companies)
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School psych
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what strategies can be used to treat problems in schools?
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Humanism
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An outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters
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Punishment effectiveness (important)
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For punishments to work, they have to be extremely severe. With children, it’s not legal or moral. The punishment has to be completely consistent.
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dizygotic twins (not identical twins/ fraternal)
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share 50% of their DNA
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monozygotic twins (identical twins)
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share 100% of their DNA
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I Dont Park Enormous Cars
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Identify
Design Perform Examine Communicate |
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confounding of Variables
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-We must control our independent variables
-sometimes an unexpected variable is introduced into the experiment |
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Validity of results and conclusions
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degree to which operational definition of a variable accurately reflects the variable it is designed to measure or manipulate
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random assignment
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-selection of participants for an experiment that reduces confounding variables
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statistical significance
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determined by statistical analyses performed on the data and found when an observed relation or difference between two variables is not due to chance
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essentialism
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view that all living things belong to a fixed class or kind
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Variation
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Members of a species differ from one another
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Selection
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Provides direction to the process, certain features are selected FOR or AGAINST
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Retention
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Favored variations are retained through heredity
(keep traits and pass them down generations) |
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Methods for Studying Human Evolution
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-Fossils of early humanoids
-DNA -Bipedalism (the analysis of leg and ankle bone morphology) -Carbon Dating of fossils |
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DNA
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double stranded blueprint for biology
- Crick and Watson 1953 -helix made up of 4 nucleotide bases |
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Gene
Mendel |
a portion of DNA that contains both "coding" sequences that determine what the gene does, and "non-coding" sequences that determine when the gene is active (recipes for protein synthesis)
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Genome
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the total set of genetic material of an organism
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Chromosomes
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sex chromosomes 1pr, autosomes 22 pr): paired strands of DNA found in the nucleus of every cell, we have 23 pairs (we get 23 from each parent)
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genetic mutation
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accidental alterations in DNA code w/in single gene
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Genetic Disorders
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Down Syndrome: extra 21st chromosome
Huntington's Disease: lethal gene only active in later age Phenylketonuria (PKU): disorder that does not allow the people affected to breakdown phenalynine (an amino acid found in food) leads to brain damage. |
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Artificial selection
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selective breeding (ex. purebred dogs)
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Sociobiology
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study of genetic influences on social behavior
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Evolutionary psychology
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study how human behavior is affected by evolution, and how behaviors themselves evolve
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Reproductive Strategies
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monogamy, polygamy, and parental investment
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Sexual selection
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naturalistic selection for traits that characterize male/female
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alleles
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alternative forms of same gene for a trait
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genotype
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genetic makeup of an organism
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phenotype (what we see)
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-genes and environment affect phenotype
-outward expression of genes |
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4 nucleotide bases
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cytosine
thymine adenosine guanine |
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BB male w/ bb female
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all Bb kids
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heritability
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variation in a trait due to genetic factors
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knockout
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-removal of an undesirable trait through artificial
selection -Radiation is also used to remove genes from being displayed -They can also insert necleotides. |
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Darwin
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-essentialism
-evolution |
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female
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XX
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male
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XY
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dominant allele
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trait shown only when both alleles of a gene are the same
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