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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evolution of Psychology
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Precursors to Psychology
-Philosophy -Physiology |
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Wihelm Wundt
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Late 1800's -Germany
-Psychology as a discipline - 1st Psych Lab in German - 1st Psych Journal |
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G. Stanley Hall
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Late 1800's - America
- 1st Psych Lab in America - 1st Psych Journal - Founder of APA |
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Titchner
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Leader of Structuralism
-taught at Cornell University |
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William James
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Chief impetus for the emergence of functionalism.
-American Scholar - |
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John B. Watson
(1878-1958) |
-Behaviorism
-new school of thought that gradually became dominate within psychology between 1913 and the late 1920's. |
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Carl Rogers
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Humanism
- diverse opposition to behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory blended into a loose alliance that eventually became a new school |
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Abraham Maslow's
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Motivation and Personality helps fuel humanistic movement.
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Abraham Maslow's
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Motivation and Personality helps fuel humanistic movement.
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Sigmund Freud
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Austrian physician
-The Unconscious; contains thoughts, memories, and desires taht are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior. |
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Structuralism
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was based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related.
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Functionalism
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based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure.
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behaviorism
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a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.
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Gestalt Psychology
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an influential school of thought that emerged out of Germany during the fist half of the 20th century.
- Gestalt pyschologists repeatedly demonstrated that "the whole can be greater than the sum of its parts." |
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Psychoanalysis
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the ory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.
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Humanistic Psychology
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a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.
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Cognitive Revolution
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refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.
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Evolutionary Psychology
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examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations.
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Biological Psychology
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Physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals.
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Qualitative vs. Quantitative research
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Qualitative: you explore
Quantitative: Describe, compare, and test (using numbers) |
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Qualitative Survey
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-When? : Explore ppl's opinions or attitudes
-How? : Questionnaires OR interviews -Limitations? : Can ppl answer correctly? Will ppl answer correctly? |
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Natural Observation
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When? - To observe public behavior
How?- observation Limitations?- Not intervening! a descriptive research method in which the researcher engages in careful, usually prolonged, observation of behavior w/o intervening directly w/ the subject. |
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Case Studies
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To study unusual/infrequent phenomena, with interviews, observation, records, testing ect., generalizability.
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Descriptive Research
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(Quantitative)
-when? to learn descriptive information about a group or event -How? Records, surveys, interviews, observations. |
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Statistical Analysis of Descriptive Data
Mean, Median, Mode, Percentages |
Mean= average
median=middle mode=most frequent percentages=use for categories |
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Correlation Research
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To extent to which two variables are related to each other.
When? to investigate possible relations How? Measure both |
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Correlation Coefficient
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A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.
= R. R is a # from -1.00 to +1.00 |
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Positive and Negative Relationships
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ex.-->
obesity & self esteem? - Grades & studying? + Grades & partying? - Job satisfaction and the color of shoe laces? = no relationship |
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Experimental Research
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When you wish to draw a cause and effect conclusions.
Manipulate a variable under controlled conditions. |
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IV's and DV's
(independent and dependent variables) |
IV- the variable the experiment manipulates (or varies)
The independent variable causes the dependent variable. DV- the outcome thought to be affected by the IV |
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Experimental Group
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Gets the independent variables.
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Control Group
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Doesnt get the independent variable
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Random Assignment
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the constitution of groups in a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition
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P-Value
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No such thing as a P-value as .000!
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Glia Cells
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cells found in throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons.
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Neurons
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individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information
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Resting Potential
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resting potential of its neuron is its stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive.
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Action Potential
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a very brief shift in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along an axon.
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Absolute refractory period
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a minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cant begin
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Postsynaptic potentials (PSP)
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a voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane.
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Reuptake & enzyme activation
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a process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane.
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Terminal buttons
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small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters
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Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
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Agonists
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a chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
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Antagonist
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a chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter
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Central nervous system
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consists of the brain and the spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous system
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made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord. Nerves are bundles of neurons fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system.
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Lower Brain Stem & Cerebellum
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Structure that coordinates fine muscle movement, balance
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The Cerebrum
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the cerebral cortex is the convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum.
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Chromosomes, DNA, genes
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Chromosomes are strands of DNA molecules that carry genetic information.
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Monogenetic & Polygenetic
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Polygenetic- traits or characteristics that are influenced y more than one pair of genes.
Monogenetic- |
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Sensation vs. Perception
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Sensation- the stimulation of sense organs.
Perception-the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input |
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Sensory Adaptation
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A gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation.
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Distal & proximal stimuli
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Distal-stimuli that lie in the distance (in the world out side the body)
Proximal-the stimulus energies that impinge directly on sensory receptors. |
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Perceptual Hypotheses
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an inference about which distal stimuli could be responsible for the proximal stimuli sensed.
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Light Waves (amplitude, wavelength, purity)
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amplitude- height, brightness
wavelength- frequency, length, huge) purity- saturation |
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Lens
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focuses on the retina
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Pupil
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regulates amount of light passing through
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Retina
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Images projected upside-down
-Rods: night & peripheral vision - Cones: daylight & color vision |
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Fovia
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tiny spot @ center of retina with only cones
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Rods
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specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision.
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Cones
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Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision.
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Dark adaptation
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(going into a dark movie theater)
Takes a few seconds to adapt your eyes to the light. |
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Light Adaptation
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(walking out of a movie theater)
Reverse process, takes 30 mins to complete, and vision will go back to normal. You notice a difference in a few seconds. |
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Optic Chiasm
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Crossover of information; in the visual system
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3 Major features detectors
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Simple cells
Picky about width, orientation, position Complex cells Picky about width, orientation Hypercomplex cells Picky about width |
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Theories regarding color vision
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Trichromatic: Red, Green, Blue (tri)
Color Mixing Opponent process theory Complimentary colors (flag thingy) 3 Kinds of cones w/ different sensitivity Higher level visual cells respond with complimentary cells |
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Form (pattern) perception theories
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Feature analysis
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Gestalt Principles
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Figure/Ground (hour glass/ 2 faces)
Proximity (2 dotted circles) Similarity (smiley face, red) Continuity (line of dots) Closure (circle) Common Region (2 smiley faces) Connectedness (2 couples |
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Binocular and monocular cues
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Binocular cues
Retinal disparity Convergence Monocular cues: Linear Perspective (railroad tracks further away, the tracks look smaller) Relative Size Interposition (cat and dog) Texture Gradient Height in Plane Shadowing |
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Perceptual Consistency
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Color, size, shape
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Shadow Waves
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The stimulus
Amplitude Wavelength Purity |
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Perceptual Consistency
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Outer Ear, Middle Ear, Inner Ear
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Theories of pitch perception
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Place theory
Frequency theory And the winner? Entire membrane vibrates but peak determines pitch |
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Olfactory System
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The stimulus: soluble chemicals
Receptors: olfactory celia |
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Gustatory system
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The stimuli: soluble chemicals
Receptors: taste buds Papillae Detect four primary tastes Sweet, sour, bitter, salty |
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Tactile system
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The stimuli: thermal, Chemical, or mechanical energy
Receptors: nerve cells Four basic skin senses Temperature, pain, pressure, touch |
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Kinesthetic System
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Location/position of body parts.
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Vestibular System
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relative to gravity, and balance
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