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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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behavior
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Any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured
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learning
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A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience
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nativism
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The assumption that a person's characteristics are largely inborn. Also known as the 'nature' perspective
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empiricism
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The assumption that behavior patterns are mostly learned rather than inherited. Also known as the 'nurture' perspective
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law of contiguity
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A law of association holding that events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated with each other
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behaviorism
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A natural science approach to psychology that traditionally focuses on the study of environmental influences on observable behavior
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law of parsimony
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The assumption that simpler explanations for a phenomenon are generally preferable to more complex explanation
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S-R theory
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The theory that learning involves the establishment of a connection between a specific stimulus (S) and a specific response (R)
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social learning theory
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A brand of behaviorism that strongly emphasizes the importance observational learning and cognitive variables in explaining human behavior. It has recently been referred to as social cognitive theory
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reciprocal determinism
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The assumption that environmental events, observable behavior, and "person variables" (including internal events) reciprocally influence each other
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latent learning
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Learning that occurs in the absence of any observable demonstration of learning and only becomes apparent under a different set of conditions
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radical behaviorism
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A brand of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence of the environment on overt behaviors, rejects the use of internal events to explain behavior, and views thoughts and feelings as behaviors that themselves need to be explained
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appetitive stimilus
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An event that an organism will seek out
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aversive stimilus
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An event that an organism will avoid
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baseline
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The normal frequency of a behavior before some intervention
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contingency
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A predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of the other
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control group design
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A type of experiment in which, at its simplest, subjects are randomly assigned to either an experimental (or treatment) group or a control group; subjects assigned to the experimental group are exposed to a certain manipulation or treatment, while those assigned to the control are not
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dependent variable
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That aspect of an experiment that is allowed to freely vary to determine if it is affected by changes in the independent variable
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independent variable
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That aspect of an experiment that is made to systematically vary across the different conditions in an experiment
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deprivation
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The prolonged absence of an event that tends to increase the appetitiveness of that event
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satiation
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The prolonged exposure (or consumption of) an event that tends to decrease the appetitiveness of that event
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establishing operation
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A procedure the affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimilus
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multiple-baseline design
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A type of single-subject design in which a treatment is instituted at successive points in time for 2 or more persons, settings, or behaviors
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reversal design
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A type of single-subject design that involves repeated alteration between a baseline period and a treatment perido
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spatial contiguity
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The extent to which events are situated close to each other in space
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temporal contiguity
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The extent to which events occur close to each in time
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habituation
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A decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus
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dishabituation
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The reappearance of a habituated response following the presentation of a seemingly irrelevant novel stimilus
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spontaneous recovery
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The reappearance of a conditioned response following a rest period after extinction
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sensitization
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An increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus
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fixed action pattern
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A fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus
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opponent-process theory
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A theory proposing that an emotional event elicits two competing processes: 1) an a-process (or primary process) directly elicited by the event, and 2) a b-process (or opponent process) that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process
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reflex
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A relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus
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sign stimulus (or releaser)
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A specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern
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types of conditioning
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Backward, classical, delayed, simultaneous, trace
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backward conditioning
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Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US
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classical conditioning
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A process whereby one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does; as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response
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delayed conditioning
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Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap
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simultaneous conditioning
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Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS and the onset of the US are simultaneous
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trace conditioning
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Conditioning procedure in which the onset and the offset of the NS precedes the onset of the US
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US (unconditioned stimulus)
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A stimulus that naturally elicits a response
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UR (unconditioned response)
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The response that is naturally elicitied by the US
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CR (conditioned response)
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The response, often similar to the unconditioned response, that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus
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CS (conditioned stimulus)
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Any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an US
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acquisition
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The process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of an NS (or CS) with a US
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blocking
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The phenomenon whereby the presence of an established CS interferes with the conditioning of a new CS
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compound stimulus
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A complex stimulus that consists of the simultaneous presentation of 2 or more individual stimuli
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disinhibition
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The sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced
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experimental neurosis
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An experimentally produced disorder in which animals exposed to unpredictable events develop neurotic-like symptoms
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external inhibition
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A decrease in the strength of the conditioned response due to the presentation of a novel stimulus at the same time as the conditioned stimulus
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extinction
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The process whereby a conditioned response can be weakened or eliminated when the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US; also, the procedure whereby this happens, namely, the repeated presentation of the CS in the absence of the US
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higher-order conditioning
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The process whereby a stimulus that is associated with a CS also becomes a CS
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latent inhibition
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The phenomenon whereby familiar stimulus is more difficult to condition as a CS than is an unfamiliar (novel) stimulus
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occasion setting
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A procedure in which a stimulus (known as an occasion setter) signals that a CS is likely to be followed by the US with which it is associated
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overshadowing
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The phenomenon whereby the most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS and thereby interferes with conditioning of the least salient member
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pseudoconditioning
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A situation in which an elicited response that appears to be a CR is actually the result of sensitization rather than conditioning
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semantic generalization
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The generalization of a conditioned response to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning to the CS
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sensory preconditioning
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In this phenomenon, when one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus it was previously associated with can also become a CS
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stimulus discrimination
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The tendency of a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another
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stimulus generalization
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The tendency for a CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the CS
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temporal conditioning
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A form of classical conditioning in which the CS is a passage of time
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US revaluation
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A process that involves the postconditioning presentation of the US at a different leveled intensity, thereby altering the strength of the response to the previously conditioned CS
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aversion therapy
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A form of behavior therapy that attempts to reduce the attractiveness of a desired event by associating it with an aversive stimulus
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counter-conditioning
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The procedure whereby a CS that elicits one type of response is associated with an event that elicits an incompatible response
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flooding therapy
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A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, thereby providing a maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished
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incubation
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The strengthening of a conditioned fear response as a result of brief exposures to the aversive CS
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overt expectation effect
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The decrease in the conditioned response that occurs when 2 separately conditioned CS's are combined into a compound stimulus for further pairings with the US
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preparatory-response theory
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A theory of classical conditioning that proposes that the purpose of the CR is to prepare the organism for the presentation of the US
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preparedness
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An evolved predisposition to learn certain kinds of associations more easily than others
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reciprocal inhibition
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The process whereby certain responses are incompatible with each other, and the occurrence of one response necessarily inhibits the other
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selective sensitization
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An increase in one's reactivity to a potential fearful stimulus following exposure to an unrelated stressful event
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systematic desensitization
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A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves pairing relaxation with a succession of stimuli that elicit increasing levels of fear
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