Psyc364 (Long-Term Memory)

Front 1

Long-term memory

Back 1

Archives information and knowledge for very long periods of time. Resolution in the LTM varies and collaborates with WM.

Front 2

Primacy effect

Back 2

Words at the beginning of a list are easier to recall since they can be rehearsed more and rehearsal is a process used to consolidate information into LTM.

Front 3

Recency effect

Back 3

Words at the end of a list are easier to remember since they are still present in our STM. Can be countered by using articulatory supression (using the phonological loop for something else).

Hint 3

Associated research:

Glanzer and Cunitz,

Prevent rehearsal by counting backwards after last word, blocked the recency effect, but primacy effect still observable since information in LTM.

Front 4

Retrograde amnesia

Back 4

Long-term memory impairment focused prior to an accident, can be temporally graded.

Hint 4

Example patient

H.M also suffered from anterograde amnesia, but STM intact.

Clive wearing also suffered from anterograde amnesia, but STM intact.

**both had damage to the hippocampus

Front 5

Anterograde amnesia

Back 5

Impairment in forming new LTM.

Hint 5

Example: patient

HM also suffered from retrograde amnesia but no STM impairment.

Clive Wearing also retrograde amnesia

**both damage to hippocampus.

Front 6

Episodic memory

Back 6

Concerned about personal events. Episodic memories will not always be very accurate, but emotive and detailed. Associated with the hippocampus. Will be associated with the keyword remember in experiments.

Front 7

Semantic memory

Back 7

Type of memory concerned with facts and knowledge. Doesn't require direct knowledge. Associated with the temporal lobe. Will be associated with keyword know in experiments.

Front 8

Semanticization of memories

Back 8

As time goes by episodic memories become semantic as they lose details and specificity.

Front 9

Explicit-declarative memory

Back 9

Conscious types of memory. Includes semantic and episodic memories.

Hint 9

Affected by patients suffering from amnesia (korsakoff's syndrome)

Front 10

Implicit/non-declarative memories

Back 10

Unconscious knowledge and influences of memories. Includes procedural memories (how to do things), knowledge aquired through classical conditioning and repetition priming (responding faster on second presentation of a stimulus)

Hint 10

Non affected in patients with amnesia (korsakoff's syndrome)

Front 11

Expertise-induced amnesia

Back 11

Related to procedural memory. Knowledge of procedures to do things unconsciously. Paying attention to the steps of the process reduces performance.

Front 12

Encoding

Back 12

The process of acquiring information and transforming it into memory as opposed to coding, a form of information representation.

Front 13

Retrieval

Back 13

Process of transferring information from LTM to working memory

Front 14

Rehearsal

Back 14

1. Maintenance rehearsal

Maintains information by repetition inside STM, but does not transfer it to LTM.

2. Elaborative rehearsal

Draw connections between information through meaning to transfer it to LTM.

Hint 14

Two types

Front 15

Levels of processing theory

Back 15

1. Shallow processing: little attention to meaning, focus on physical features results in poor memory

2. Deep processing: close attention to meaning results in better memory

Hint 15

Associated research:

Craig and Tulving

Three conditions with processing from shallow (physical features), depper (rhyming) to deepest (fill in the blanks)

the deepest the processing, the better the recall

Front 16

Visual imagery

Back 16

Type of deep processing where you visualize the association to better recall it.

Hint 16

Related research:

Bower and winzenz

Comparing repetition to visualization

Front 17

Self-reference effect

Back 17

Relating words or concepts to yourself leads to better recall. (Better than paying attention to meaning)

Hint 17

Related research:

Roger et al.

Foor conditions: physical, rhyme, meaning, describes you

Front 18

Generation effect

Back 18

Creating information increases recall as opposed to passive reception of information

Hint 18

Related research:

Slameka and Graf

Participants had to generate a word as paired to another word and then recall the pair.

Front 19

Organizing information

Back 19

Organizing information in a meaningful way aids recall as words linked to others serve as cued recalls. (In a tree shape for example)

Front 20

Survival processing

Back 20

Natural selection shaped memory processes to prioritize the most adaptive ones. Elements with an adaptive significance are easier to recall (food, navigation, reproduction, social exchange) only technique more efficient than self-reference.

Hint 20

Related research: Nairn et al.

Easier to recall words relating to survival then words relating to moving or to pleasantness.

Front 21

Retrieval practise

Back 21

Practising retrieval by the use of flash-cards and self-test strengthens connections and improves recall.

Hint 21

Associated research:

Roeder and Karpicke

Practising retrieval resulted in better recall them a relecture after 2 days and after a week.

Front 22

Encoding specificity

Back 22

We learn information together with its context. Retrieval is improved if in the same environment as when information was encoded.

Hint 22

Associated research:

Baddeley's diving experiment

Underwater-underwater and

On land- on land conditions better than mixed conditions.

Front 23

State-dependent learning

Back 23

Learning is associated with the particular internal state at the time when the information is learned. Depends on mood, pain and substance use concordance.

Hint 23

Associated research:

Eich and Metcalfe

Better recall in conditions

Sad-sad and

Happy-happy then in mixed conditions.

Front 24

Transfer-appropriate learning

Back 24

Encoding is more effective is the same task is done for encoding and retrieval.

Hint 24

Associated research:

Morris et al.

Recall was better for

Rhyming-rhyming and

Meaning-meaning conditions then in mixed conditions.

Front 25

Synaptic consolidation

Back 25

Repeated stimulation leads to rapid firing of neurons and structural changes in the post-synaptic neuron that lead to an enhanced response. Rapid as compared to systems consolidation.

Front 26

Standard model of consolidation

Back 26

During consolidation retrieval depends on the neural links between the hippocampus and different areas of the cortex. After consolidation, links between areas of the cortex are sufficient and the hippocampus is no longer needed. Nature of the memory also influences retrieval as episodic memories are associated with emotions and the hippocampus and gradually over time as they are semanticized they become encoded in the cortex and independent of the hippocampus.

Hint 26

Associated research:

Vision t'as and coworkers

How hippocampal responses change as memories become semanticized

Front 27

Consolidation and sleep

Back 27

Sleep helps consolidation as it prevents the possibility of retroactive interference (no new information). Alcohol in moderate consumption has a similar effect.

Hint 27

Associated research:

Gais et al.

Effect of sleep on consolidation

Front 28

Reconsolidation

Back 28

The process by which memories are retrieved (fragile) modified by new information and and reconsolidated (strengthened). Required for temporal stability. The protein anisomycin can prevent reconsolidation and virtually "erase" memories. The drug propranolol can be administered during retrieval of traumatic memories to reduce the emotive response during retrieval, but also during reconsolidation, which lowers the subsequent emotional responses to the memory of the traumatic event (effective treatment against PTSD)

Hint 28

Associated research:

Brunet et al.

Effect of propranolol in reconsolidation of emotional memories.