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92 Cards in this Set
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neuroanatomy |
an influence upon biopsychology studies the structures of the NS |
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neurochemistry |
an influence upon biopsychology studies the chemical basis of neural activity |
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neuroendocrinology |
an influence upon biopsychology studies the interactions between the NS and the endocrine system |
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neuropathology |
an influence upon biopsychology studies NS disorders |
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Neuropharmacology |
an influence upon biopsychology studies the effects of drugs on neural activity |
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neurophysiology |
an influence upon biopsychology studies the functions and activities of the NS |
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The subdivisions of biopsychology: (6) |
physiological psychology psychopharmacology neuropsychology psychophysiology cognitive neuroscience comparative psychology and ethology |
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psychological psychology |
a subdivision of biopsychology dabbles in the surgical and electric brain manipulation of lab animals |
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psychopharmacology |
a subdivision of biopsychology drug manipulation of lab animals |
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neuropsychology |
a subdivision of biopsychology studies the effects of brain damage |
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psychophysiology |
a subdivision of biopsychology utilizes non invasive physical measurements (like pupil dilation) |
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cognitive neuroscience |
a subdivision of biopsychology studies the neural basis of cognition by using non invasive recording of brain activity |
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comparative psychology and ethology |
a subdivision of biopsychology studies the evolution/genetics/adaptiveness of behaviour, mostly using comparative methods |
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nerve types (based on direction) |
Afferent nerves Efferent nerves |
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Afferent nerves |
go from the PNS to the CNS and carries sensory information |
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Efferent nerves |
go from the CNS to the PNS and carries motor information |
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ganglia |
clusters of nerve cells (in the PNS) Efferent nerves synapse here Two types - Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Ganglia |
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sympathetic ganglia (where are they) |
in the PNS near the spinal cord |
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where are parasympathetic ganglia |
in the PNS near target organ |
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where do sympathetic nerves originate |
from the thoracic or lumbar regions of the CNS (chest/below chest respectively) |
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where do parasympathetic nerves originate |
fromt eh brain (cranial nerves) or the sacral region (lower back) of the CNS |
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sympathetic nerves are used for (arousal/relaxation) |
arousal |
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parasympathetic nerves are used for (arousal/relaxation) |
relaxation |
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cranial nerves in order: (12) |
olfactory optic occulomotor troclear trigeminal abducens facial acoustic glossopharyngeal vagus spinal accessory hypoglossal |
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are cranial nerves sympathetic or parasympathetic |
parasympathetic |
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glial cells - general info |
they outnumber, support, nourish, and functionally interact with neurons |
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glial cell types in the PNS |
satellite cells schwann cells |
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satellite cells |
support neurons within ganglia in the PNS |
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schwann cells |
a type of satellite cell guides myelinization in the PNS |
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glial cell types in the CNS |
ogliodendrocytes astrocytes/astroglia microglia |
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ogliodendrocytes |
glial cell in the CNS myelinate axons by wrapping around them |
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astrocytes/astroglia |
glial cell in the CNS big cells which connect neurons to blood vessels and nourish them this way |
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microglia |
glial cell in the CNS triggered by injury immune response, act as phagocytes |
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unipolar neurons |
have only 1 protrusion from the cell body |
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bipolar neurons |
have 2 protrusions from the cell body |
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multipolar neurons |
have multiple protrusions from the cell body (this can include dendrites) |
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interneurons |
have tiny or no axons |
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cortical neurons |
can be divided into two types: pyrimidal cells and stellate cells |
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pyrimidal cells |
a type of cortical neuron multipolar neuron with pyramid shaped bodies have one big apical dendrite and a really long axon |
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stellate cells |
a type of cortical neuron small star shaped interneurons with really small axons |
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protection of the CNS takes place through 4 mechanisms: |
bones meninges CSF blood brain barrier |
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how do bones contribute to the protection of the CNS |
the skull and vertebrae offer physical protection |
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define the meninges and how they contribute to the protection of the CNS |
composed of 3 layers (dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater) offers physical protection |
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how does CSF contribute to the protection of the CNS |
acts like a cushion! produced by blood vessels on the pia mater (called the choroid plexus) drain into the jugular veins constantly resides in the cavities of the CNS |
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when does hydracephalus occur |
when the CSF is prevented from draining |
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name 5 ways to visualize the NS |
golgi stain nissl stain myelin stain electron microscopy neuroanatomical tracing |
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golgi stain |
neurons and golgi cells turn black silver nitrate compound not very precise |
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Nissl stain |
cell bodies turn purple |
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myelin stain |
myelinated fibers to turn black |
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neuroanatomical tracing |
put in a fluorescent dye and track where it goes can be traced anterograde (from cell body to innervated area) or retrograde |
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myencephalon (what part of brain, composed of, responsible) |
bottom most part of brain (hindbrain) aka medulla oblongata, situated just above spinal cord includes the reticular formation and a bunch of tracts main fntns include sleeping/arousal (cells here are active when you're awake), attention, movement, muscle tone, |
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the physical changes that occur with memory |
LTP, changes in synaptic efficiency |
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two overall types of memory |
explicit implicit |
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types of explicit memory |
semantic episodic |
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in temporally limited amnesia, what kind of memory is somewhat spared? |
semantic |
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are episodic memories episodic forever? |
no, they can become semantic memories (and therefore independent of the hippocampus) as time passes and they are stripped of context |
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what happened to HM and why |
he had a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy done to stop his seizures (which was successful) However, not just the hippocampus (the target) was removed. Due to sloppy surgical techniques much of the tissue covering the subcortical structure was also taken out and so there was massive amnesia (BOTH retro and anterograde) (other important tissues that were affected were the entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortexes) |
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digit span test |
for HM verbally reciting lists of numbers from memory performed badly compared to controls |
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block tapping memory span test |
for HM non verbal (sensorimotor) but otherwise is like the digit span test had to repeat a sequence of blocks performed badly compared to controls (his limit was 5, he could never get to 6) |
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mirror drawing test |
for HM sensorimotor showed improvement which is consistent with the idea of HMs implicit memory being spared |
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rotary pursuit test |
for HM sensorimotor involves keeping a stylus on a target atop of a moving wheel HM improved over a number of trials but never had any memory of the previous trials |
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incomplete picture task |
for HM priming he could do this, but it's implicit so it's kind of expected |
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classical conditioning |
HM could do this implicit memory so this is kind of expected, to be quite honest |
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neuromuscular junction |
the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fibre. cholinergic |
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adrenergic receptors |
receptrors that are targeted by epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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antidromic condition |
an action potential going backwards up the axon impossible under natural conditions |
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standard consolidation theory vs multiple trace theory and memory time spent in the hippocampus |
standard thinks it's only there for a little bit whereas multiple trace thinks memories are in the hippocampus permanently |
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stages (5) of prenatal development of the CNS |
induction of the neural plate neural proliferation migration and Aggregation axon growth and synapse formation neuron death and synapse rearrangement |
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evolution of the neural plate |
folds and becomes the neural groove continues/finishes folding and becomes the neural tube (this folding action also forms the central canal and the neural crest) |
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out of the following structures, which will form the PNS and which will form the CNS? Neural tube Neural crest |
Neural crest will become PNS |
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where does the most neural proliferation occur |
around the central canal, in the neural tube. this is called the ventricular zone |
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when do cells complete differentiation |
after the migration stage |
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which methods to cells use to migrate |
glial mediated locomotion (wherein radial glial cells give a scaffold for the cells to crawl along) Somal translocation (an extension of the cell extends and retracts, pulling it through the 3environment and following chemical guidance signals) |
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how do glial cells move (radially, tangentially, or both?) |
only radially |
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how do neurons move (radially, tangentially, or both?) |
can move both ways |
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what does the process of aggregation entail |
groups of cells coming together (at their newly migrated-to locations) and becoming organized into the structure they are going to become |
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what kind of molecule helps the process of aggregation |
CAMs (cell adhesion molecules) These are present on the surfaces of neuron and glial cells and aid in migration to, recognition of and adhesion to other cells |
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what in the hell is a growth cone |
it's a thing on a growing axon that sniffs around the environment looking for signals |
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any weird structures on growth cones? |
yeah there are these little fingerlike things called filopedia which extend and retract and shizz |
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what the hell is the chemoaffinity hypothesis |
thinks that each target area has a specific label and the growth cones like following in the paths of other growth cones that came before them |
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what the hell is the topographical gradient hypothesis |
thinks that the way that growth cones find their way around is that they look for ratios of chemicals |
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glial cells and synaptogenesis |
astrocytes promote it |
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neurotrophins and cell death |
apoptosis occurs when neurotrophins are absent |
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permissive experiences |
NEEDED for correct development |
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instructive experiences |
may offer some benefit but aren't NECESSARY |
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critical periods |
you need to get specific input in this time frame in order to develop properly |
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sensitive periods |
when specific stimuli have a greater effect |
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3 autism symptoms for diagnosis |
reduced capability for understanding/interpreting the emotions of others reduced social interaction and communication preoccupation with a single subject or activity |
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4 phases of autistic brain growth |
slight prenatal undergrowth WOAH SLOW DOWN OVERGROWTH (from 6-14) months growth rate slows from 1-5 years old gradual decline in brain size until about adolescence when it is normally sized |
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williams syndrome |
great social skills but emotionally immature and have severe mental retardation (particularly have spatial deficits)(due to small occipital and parietal lobes) have a genetic mutation for the "elastin" gene |
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Kallmann syndrome |
abnormal genitals and sense of smell neuronal migration disorder failed migration of the cells that code for odors and those that secrete sex hormones |
