Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
*What is the psychometric approach? |
psychometric approach - research tradition that spawned the development of standardized tests. According to psychometric theorists, intelligence is a trait or a set of traits that characterizes some people to a greater extent than others. |
|
|
What was the 2 factor theory and who was it developed by? |
Charles Spearman (2 factor theory) - g - a general mental ability. s - special abilities. |
|
|
*What is fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence? |
fluid intelligence - ability to use your mind actively to solve novel problems - for example, to solve verbal analogies, remember unrelated pairs of words, or recognize relationships among geometric figures. “Raw information processing power” crystallized intelligence - the use of knowledge acquired through schooling and other life experiences. Tests of general information (e.g. what temperature does water boil?) |
|
|
*What is Stanford Binet's Intelligence Scale? (include IQ formula with MA vs CA) |
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale - when Binet’s initial IQ test was translated by Lewis Terman of Stanford University for use with American children. Terman developed a procedure for comparing a childs MA with his/her chronological age (CA), by calculating an intelligence quotiant (IQ) IQ - consists of MA/Divided by CA X 100. |
|
|
What is Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences? (List the 8 distinct intellectual abilities) |
1. Linguistic intelligence - language skills (i.e. poets) 2. Logical - mathematical intelligence - The abstract thinking and problem solving shown by mathematicians and computer scientists as emphasized by Piaget. 3. Musical intelligence - based on the acute sensitivity to sound patterns 4. Spatial intelligence - great artists who can perceive things accurately and transform what they see 5. Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence - the skillful use of the body to create, crafts, perform, or fix things; shown for example by dancers, athletes, and surgeons 6. Interpersonal intelligence - social intelligence, social skill, exceptional sensitivity to other peopls motivations and moods: salespeople and psychologists 7. intrapersonal intelligence - understanding of ones own feelings and inner life 8. naturalist intelligence - expertise in the natural world of plants and animals |
|
|
What is the SAVANT syndrome? |
savant syndrome - the phenomenon in which extraordinary talent in a particular area is displayed by a person otherwise intellectually disabled. e.g. RAINMAN |
|
|
*What is the triarchic theory of intelligence? Who was it proposed by? |
triarchic theory of intelligence - proposed by Sternberg, emphasizes three components that jointly contribute to intelligent behavior: practical, creative, and analytic components. |
|
|
*What is successful intelligence? How is it linked to Steingbergs Triarchic Theory of Intelligence? |
Successful Intelligence - Steinberg expanded his triarchic theory to include what he calls successful intelligence which consists of being able to: Establish and Achieve reasonable goals consistent with your skills and circumstances Optimize your strengths and minimize weaknesses Adapt to the environment through a combination of selecting a good environment and making modifications to self or the environment to increase fit. Use all three components of intelligence - analytic, creative, and practical. |
|
|
*Convergent vs Divergent Thinking. Which is used for "creativity"? |
convergent thinking - what IQ tests measure, involves “converging” on the best answer to a problem. which is contrast to divergent thinking divergent thinking - involved in creativity - coming up with a variety of ideas or solutions to a problem when there is no single correct answer. |
|
|
What is ideational fluency? |
ideational fluency - the sheer number of different (including novel) ideas that a person can generate - is most often use to assess creativity because it is easy to score. e.g. how many ways can you use a pencil? |
|
|
What is investment theory? |
investment theory - of creativity, creativity emerges from a confluence, or coming together of these 6 factors: 1. intellectual skills that include the trio of abilities comprising of Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence discussed earlier 2. Enough knowledge of a field to have an understanding of the current state and what might be missing or needed in the field 3. A thinking style that “enjoys’ mentally toying with ideas 4. A personality style that is open to some risk and is comfortable stepping outside the norm 5. Motivation to stay focused on the task and not give up when faced with obstacles 6. An environment that supports and rewards creative output. |
|
|
*What are the three parts of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?
On the basis of which 2 parts is the DQ given? |
DQ is given based on first 2 scores (motor and mental) 1. The motor scale, which measures the infants ability to do such things as grasp a cube and throw a ball. 2. The mental scale, which includes adaptive behaviors such as reaching for a desirable object, searing for a hidden toy, and following directions. 3. The behavior rating scale, a rating of the child’s behavior on dimensions such as goal-directed ness, emotional regulation, and social responsibility. |
|
|
*What does a developmental quotient assess? |
Assesses an infants motor skills, behaviors and simple tasks relative to other infants the same age. |
|
|
What characteristic or behaviors of infants are associated with later intelligence? |
Quick habituation (getting bored quickly), looking for novelty, and soaking up information rapidly. (The “speedy information processor”). Being able to process information quickly. |
|
|
*What is cumulative-deficit hypothesis? |
cumulative-deficit hypothesis - to describe how impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth, and these negative effects accumulate over time. |
|
|
*What is the Flynn Effect? |
Flynn Effect - the phenomenon that average IQ scores have increased in all countries studied. - In the United States, the increase has amounted to 3-4 IQ points per decade. -May be caused by fewer infectious diseases and improved educational programs. |
|
|
What is one environmental factor that could help enhance creativity? |
Creativity can be fostered by providing an environment that provides some independence as well as opportunities to explore numerous activities and then opportunities to delve deeper into areas of interest. |
|
|
What are the 2 definitions of Wisdom (Baltes and Sternberg)? |
wisdom (Baltes) - a constellation of rich factual knowledge about life combined with procedural knowledge such as strategies for giving advice and handling conflicts. wisdom (Sternberg) - someone who can combine successful intelligence with creativity to solve problems that require balancing multiple interests or perspectives. |
|
|
What are 2 factors that contribute to a decline in IQ scores among older adults? |
Poor health is likely to contribute to declining IQ scores, as is an unstimulating lifestyle. Older adults who remain physically and intellectually active are more likely to do well on tasks requiring intelligence rather than their peers who are inactive. |
|
|
*How is wisdom different from intelligence? |
Some can be intelligent as measured by their IQ, but not necessarily wise. WIth wisdom comes the ability to combine multiple perspectives with experience to solve problems. |
|
|
What is the HOME Inventory? |
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory - a widely used assessment of the intellectual stimulation of the home environment. |
|
|
*What are 2 hypothesis about why IQ tests yield racial/ethnic differences in scores? |
Cultural Bias, targeted towards a specific ethnic group (e.g. white middle class), and environmental differences, which lead to lower SES. Other examples are motivational differences between groups, stereotypes that affect performance. |
|
|
What is Linda Silverman's Characteristics of Giftedness scale? |
Linda Silverman and colleagues use the Characteristics of Giftedness Scale: Rapid Learning Extensive Vocabulary Good Memory Long attention span Perfectionism Preference for older companions Excellent sense of humor Early interest in reading Strong ability with puzzles and mazes Maturity Perseverance on tasks |
|
|
*Who were the Termites? |
“Termites” - High IQ Study Conducted by Lewis Terman Weighed more at birth Learned to walk and talk sooner than most toddlers Reached puberty somewhat earlier than average and had better than average health More morally mature and better adjusted Quick to take on leadership responsibilities. Adulthood: Successful Aged Well - Termites continued to “burn bright” throughout their lives |
|
|
How does the definition of intelligence vary across the various approaches presented with Piaget, Vygostky, Sternberg, and Fischer |
The psychometric approach to intelligence assumes that intelligence is a mental trait that varies across people and is measurable. Piaget defined intelligence as a basic life function that helps a person adapt to his or her environment. Sternbergs triarchic theory echoes this emphasis on the ability to adapt well to one’s environment. Vygotsky highlighted the importance of interacting with others who could convey important information and support learning. Fischer’s dynamic framework shows that context is important for skills. The information processing approach focuses on mental processes and the speed with which information can be processed. |
|
|
*What is language? |
language - a communication system in which a limited number of signals - sounds or letters (or gestures, in the case of the sign language used by deaf people) - can be combined according to agreed-upon rules to produce an infinite number of messages. |
|
|
*What are phonemes? and morphemes? |
phonemes - the basic units of sound that can change the meaning of a word. morphemes - the basic units of meaning that exist in a word. e.g. “view” add “re” and then add “pre”, and all have different meanings |
|
|
*What is syntax? |
syntax - the systematic rules for forming sentences. |
|
|
*What is semantics? |
semantics - of language - to understand the meanings of sentences, one must also understand semantics. e.g. unless you understand semantics, you might not understand “Sherry was green with jealousy” |
|
|
*What are pragmatics? |
Pragmatics - of language - rules for specifying how language is used appropriately in different social contexts. e.g. The way you talk at work vs at home. That is children (and adults) have to understand when to say what and to whom. “Communicating effectively” “Give me that!” vs “May you please pass me that?” |
|
|
*What is prosody? What is intonation? |
Prosody - how the sounds are produced. The “melody” of speech, because it includes pitch or intonation, the stress or accentuation of certain syllables in a word or certain words in a sentence. |
|
|
*What are Wernicke's Area vs Broca's area? |
Wernicke’s Area and Broca’s area are connected with a band of fibers. Typically incoming language is processed - comprehended in Wernickes area and then sent to Broca’s area. Damage to these fibers causes: aphasia - a language disorder, in which the person might hear and understand linguistic input but be unable to vocally repeat the information. |
|
|
*Describe Chomsky and his theory on Universal Grammar (LAD) |
Chomsky believed in Universal Grammar - a system of common rules and properties for learning any of the worlds languages.
Language acquistion Device (LAD) - the areas of the brain activated collectively by exposure to langauge. these areas sift through language spoken in the language, applies the universal rules, and begins tailoring the system to the specifics of the language spoken |
|
|
*What is child directed speech? |
child direct speech - language researchers use this term to describe the speech adults use with young children: short, simple sentences spoken slowly, often in a high pitched voice, often with much repetition, and with exaggerated emphasis on key words. |
|
|
*How is the brain structured to support language skills? |
The brain is structured to support language in various ways, with incoming language processed in a portion of the left hemisphere called Wernickes area and speech production occurring a portion of the brain called Broca’s area. These two important parts are connected by fibers, that if damaged can lead to aphasia or a language disorder. |
|
|
What are the main features of the nativist and learning theories of language acquisition? |
Nativists believe that we are born with an innate ability to sift through the language we hear around us and from this generate rules of language that we use to guide our veralizations. Learning theorists believe that we acquire language through the same learning: imitation of speech around us and reinforcement (or not) for proper speech. |
|
|
*What is word segmentation? |
ability for an infant to detect that a sentence is a string of words vs just one word |
|
|
*When does cooing and babbling occur? |
Cooing occurs at 6-8 weeks
Babbling occurs between 4 and 6 months. |
|
|
*What is joint attention? |
joint attention - an important social cue, a “social eye gaze” - two people looking at the same thing. Labeling and point at objects, directing their gaze, and otherwise making clear the connection between words and their references. |
|
|
*What is a holophrase? When does it occur? |
holophrases - an infants first meaningful word, usually spoken around 1 year, called a holophrase, because it conveys an entire sentence’s worth of meaning. |
|
|
What is telegraphic speech? |
telegraphic speech - early combinations of two, three, or more words are sometimes called this (usually around 18-24 months), because like telegrams of the past where costs were minimized by eliminating unnecessary words, these sentences contain critical content words and omit frills such as articles, prepositions and auxiliary verbs. |
|
|
What is overregulation? |
overregularization - overapplying the rules to cases in which the proper form is irregular, e.g. “Foots” and “Goed” vs “feet” and “went”
(There are exceptions to rules in all languages, so because children are still learning these rules, these are common mistakes they make) |
|
|
What is mastery motivation? |
mastery motivation - striving for mastery or competence, appears to be inborn and universal and will display itself in the behavior of all typical infants without prompting from parents. |
|
|
*What is one advantage and one potential disadvantage of early education program for infants and toddlers? |
Early education programs can offer children from disadvantaged homes the opportunity to gain experience and knowledge that prepares them for formal schooling. But focusing exclusively on academic drills at an early age detract from other equally important developmental tasks such as play and socializing. |
|
|
What is metalinguistic awareness? |
Middle childhood also brings increased metalinguistic awareness - or knowledge of language as a system |
|
|
Differentiate fixed mindset vs growth mindset |
fixed mindset - believe that “what they have” is fixed or static. Thus, they either have a talent or do not; they either are “intelligent” or they are not. With this sort of mindset, there is little reason to put forth great effort on a tasks because it cannot change a fixed trait. growth mindset - believe that abilities and talent are not fixed but are malleable: they can be fostered through hard work and effort. With this sort of mindset, students are motivated to put forth effort as this will lead to learning and advancement |
|
|
What is the alphabetic principle? What is the 4 step process? |
Alphabetic principle - the idea that letters in printed words represent the sounds in spoken words in a systematic way, four step process: 1. Pre Alphabetic phase: Children memorize selected visual cues to remember words. 2. Partial Alphabetic Phase: Children learn the shapes and sounds of letters. They begin to connect at least one letter in a word - usually the first - to its corresponding sound. 3. Full alphabetic phase: Children make complete connections between written letters and their corresponding sounds 4. Consolidated alphabetic phase: children are able to group letters that regularly occur togehter into a unit.emergent literacy - the developmental precursors of reading skills in young |
|
|
Describe the phonics vs whole language approach. Which does research support? |
Phonics Approach - (code oriented) teaches children to analyze words into their component sounds; it systematically teaches them letter-sound correspondence rules. Whole Language Approach (or look say) - emphasizes reading for meaning and teaches children to recognize specific words by sight or to figure out what they mean using clues in the surrounding context. Research supports the Phonics approach |
|
|
What is one characteristic that differentiates a skilled reader from a less-skilled reader? |
Having a strong understanding of the alphabetic principle. And quickly associate sounds with printed letters. In addition, skilled readers have higher levels of phonological awareness, which allows them to segment words into sounds and “sound out” printed words |
|
|
What are three factors that characterize an effective learning environment? |
Effective schools maximize time on academics and minimize time on such incidentals as transitions from class to class; they hold students to high standards and clearly state their expectations; and they squash behavior problems on the spot, before they escalate. |
|
|
What are two reasons why achievement motivation may decline during adolescence? |
Adolescents are better able than younger children to realistically evaluate their strengths and weaknesses and may become discouraged. Adolescents may also become frustrated with the emphasis on grades or abandon learning goals in favor of performance goals. |
|
|
What is literacy? |
literacy - the ability to use printed information to function in society, achieve goals, and develop one’s potential. Literacy contributes to economic security through occupational advancement. |
|
|
How might men’s and women’s achievement motivation change during adulthood? |
Achievement motivation is fairly consistent over the adult years: Those who entered adulthood with high achievement motivation, tend to retain this high desire to achieve, whereas those who were always lackluster tend to remain lackluster. Achievement motivation is more influenced by work and family situations than by age |
|
|
Why is literacy important to adults and are literacy programs successful? |
Literacy is the ticket to many opportunities in adulthood and is required to compete in most workplace environments and to higher paying positions. Unfortunately, literacy programs are not very successful: Adults who could benefit from them often do not believe they need to improve and do not stay enrolled long enough to achieve success. |
|
|
*What is the correlation between IQ and DQ |
Correlations between infant DQ and child IQ are low, sometimes close to zero. Piaget would undoubtedly agree with this correlation. Infant scales focus heavily on the sensory and motor skills that Piaget believed are so important in infancy, while IQ tests focus on more abstract abilities. The “smart” infant is the speedy information processor (habituates quickly, looks for novelty, and soaks up information rapidly). |
|
|
*Intellectual functioning in adulthood - IQ scores in adulthood? What about IQ scores and health? |
What do IQ scores predict during adulthood? Success in their field, and health. Occupational prestige and income. What are two factors that contribute to a decline in IQ scores among older adults? If they dont use it, they lose it. Poor health is likely to contribute to declining IQ scores, as is an unstimulating lifestyle. Older adults who remain physically and intellectually active are more likely to do well on tasks requiring intelligence rather than their peers who are inactive. |
|
|
*What are some changes in IQ with age? (relating to fluid and crystal intelligence) |
2. Fluid intelligence (those abilities requiring active thinking and reasoning applied to novel problems, as measured by tests such as the primary mental ability tests of reasoning and space) usually declines earlier and more steeply than crystallized intelligence (those abilities involving the use of knowledge acquired through experience). |
|
|
*What is the vocabulary spurt? |
vocabulary spurt - around 18 months of age, when the child has mastered 30-50 words, the pace of word learning quickens dramatically. |
|
|
*What is the typical order of linguistic attainment? |
word segmentation - ability when they detect a target word in a stream of speech. Infants demonstrate this ability by 7.5 months. cooing - around 6-8 weeks, where the infant is repeating vowel-like sounds such as “oooh” and :aaaahh”. Babies coo when they are content and often in response to being spoken to in a happy voice. babbling - between 4 and 6 months repeating consonant vowel combinations such as “baba” or “dadada” Piaget would call this a primary circular reaction - the repeating of an interesting noise for the pleasure of making it. joint attention - an important social cue, a “social eye gaze” - two people looking at the same thing. Labeling and point at objects, directing their gaze, and otherwise making clear the connection between words and their references. syntactic bootstrapping - when they use the syntax of a sentence - that is, where a word is placed in a sentence to determine the meaning of the word. e.g. “There’s a furrball” vs “ the cat is coughing up a ‘furball”” |
|
|
*Left and right hemisphere when it comes to language |
Recent fMRI studies have shown that left hemisphere (BROCA) shows increased activity when listening to speech and the right hemisphere (Wernicke) shows more activity when processing the melody or rhythm of speech. |
|
|
*What is emergent literacy? |
In children, includes knowledge, skills, and attitudes that will facilitate the acquisition of reading ability. |
|
|
*What are two reasons why achievement may decline during adolescence? |
Adolescents are better able than younger children to realistically evaluate their strengths and weaknesses and may become discouraged. Adolescents may also become frustrated with the emphasis on grades or abandon learning goals in favor of performance goals. |
|
|
*What is decontextualized language? |
What's used in classrooms (no specific context). Language that is comprehensible to an unknown audience without support from others. |
|
|
*Literacy in the United States |
In the US, 22% of adults in the US demonstrate the lowest level of literacy skills. Another 25% of adults have just rudimentary, or basic, literacy skills, allowing them to perform simple literacy tasks such as using a TV guide or comparing prices on receipts. |
