Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the four key common concepts of attention? |
Selectivity (spatial, auditory, timing) |
|
What is capacity in terms of attention? |
Amount of perceptual resources available for a given task (varies with task and individual) |
|
What is selectivity in terms of attention? |
attention is selective in terms of what gets processed and what does not |
|
Give an example of overt attention |
eye movement |
|
give examples of covert attention |
Move attention but not eyes |
|
What is early selection? |
Select area for attention before any processing |
|
What is late selection? |
Selecting area for attention after processing |
|
What is the cocktail party paradigm? |
Even though we are ignoring other auditory inputs (eg ignoring ambient sound at a cocktail party), we still notice broad changes (eg. pitch change, language change) (just not semantic elements) |
|
At a high perceptual load, where would the 'attentional bottleneck' lie and what effect would this have? |
High attentional bottleneck (just below registration) --> less info getting through for perceptual analysis |
|
At a low perceptual load, where would the 'attentional bottleneck' lie and what effect would this have? |
Low attentional bottleneck (below perceptual analysis and semantic meaning) leading to more information getting through for higher processing. |
|
What was the inattention paradigm? |
Mack and Rock (1998) |
|
What are the three key aspects of visual spatial attention? |
- shifting attention - spotlight - zoom lens |
|
What is the Posner cuing paradigm? |
Consequences of attending to specific locations in space. |
|
What are endogenous cues? |
- VOLUNTARY |
|
What are exogenous cues? |
- INVOLUNTARY |
|
What are the three stages of shifting attention and what brain regions are they associated with? |
- Disengagement (parietal lobe) - Movement (superior colliculus) |
|
What is the spotlight theory about visual spatial attention and what paradigm supports it? |
- attention is like a spotlight, illuminating the object in its focus region |
|
What is the zoom lens and what paradigm supports it? |
- attention is like a zoom lens, but the wider the field the less detail there is - supported by local/global tasks |
|
What is distributed attention? |
- visual processing happens simultaneously over the whole visual field --> loss of fine detail - visual 'pop out' |
|
What is focused attention? |
Visual processing performed as a series of 'attentional fixations' each covering a different area of the visual field. |
|
What is inattentional blindness? |
Being so focused on something that you are 'blind' to objects directly in front of you (e.g. pilot so focused on HUD instead of plane on tarmac) |
|
What is change blindness? |
Not being receptive to changes in a scene - parallel processing cannot pick up enough fine detail to discriminate subtle changes |
|
What is the stroop effect? |
An example of selective attention to properties. Conflicts between semantic identity and colour of word makes it difficult to name. |
|
What is the link between attention and neuronal firing rate? |
Attention can modulate neuronal firing rate, but primarily only in higher order visual processing areas (eg V4) relative to lower order areas (V1) |
|
What is 'voluntary spatial attention' |
Greater activity in V1 leads to increased likelihood of distinguishing hard-to-see patterns. Attention increases the activity of the cortex (like a volume knob). |
|
Explain spatial neglect |
people with TBI (particularly parietal lobe damage- involved in disengagement) have trouble focusing attention to the contralateral side |
|
Damage to which side of the brain results in worse spatial neglect? |
Damage to the right parietal lobe results in worse spatial neglect because the RPL is involved in deploying attention to both the left and right sides, whereas the LPL is only partially involved in deploying attention to the right side. |
|
Explain extinction in terms of spatial neglect. |
Person unable to disengage attention from one side to process the other |
|
What are the three basic components of emotion? |
- physiological (ANS) - cognitive (beliefs, appraisals). |
|
What is the folk psychology emotion pathway? |
Perceived event --> emotional experience --> physiological and behavioural changes |
|
What is the James-Lange theory? |
Perceived even --> physiological and behavioural changes --> emotional experience |
|
What is the Cannon-Bard theory? |
Perceived event goes to both physiological and behavioural changes and emotional experience but these two are SEPARATE |
|
What did James believe? |
physiological arousal causes emotion |
|
What did Lange believe? |
physiological arousal IS emotion |
|
What is the facial feedback hypothesis? |
Expressing a particular emotion puts us (to some extent) into the same emotional state |
|
What muscles are involved in a Duchenne smile? |
Zygomaticus major and orbicularis oculi |
|
What muscles are involved in a Duchenne frown? |
Corruguator muscles |
|
Positive emotions are linked (by EMG) in activity where? |
cheeks |
|
Negative emotions are linked (by EMG) in activity where? |
Brow and forehead |
|
What does the facial feedback hypothesis suggest and whose theory does this disagree with? |
Physiological states/expressions/behaviour can to some extend modulate emotion --> Cannon-Bard theory does not account for this (physiological response and emotion separate) |
|
Explain the thalamic/hypothalamic theory of emotion |
Stimulus --> thalamus --> hypothalamus (evaluates information) --> projections to sympathetic nervous system AND cerebral cortex |
|
Explain classical conditioning |
Pairing a neutral/non-feared stimuli (CS) with a negative or positive (hard-wired) automatic response (US) |
|
What is differential conditioning? |
Having two conditioned stimuli, one paired with the US (CS+) and another not paired with the US (CS-)
|
|
What is the amygdala important for in terms of fear conditioning? |
Fear acquisition. Important in conditioning to anticipation of threat but it is not necessarily the only region required for experiencing fear. |
|
What is LeDoux's high road? |
Thalamus --> cortex (info is evaluated) --> amygdala --> response |
|
What is LeDoex's low road? |
Thalamus --> amygdala --> response |
|
What is extinction in terms of fear learning? |
Presenting the CS+ alone (without US) reduces fear-related behaviour |
|
What is spontaneous recovery? |
Reemergence of fear after extinction |
|
What is renewal? |
emergence of fear in a different context |
|
What is reinstallment? |
Emergence of fear in response to US alone |
|
What is rapid reacquisition? |
Reacquisition of fear is faster than learning of fear |
|
Fear at the neural level depends on... |
1) Synaptic weight (pre/postsynaptic neurons having highly correlated output --> connection strength) |
|
What did Gibson and Walk (1960) investigate? |
Innate fear |
|
What did Seligman and Maier (1967) investigate? |
learned helplessness in dogs. Dogs who were conditioned to believe they always received a shock didn't jump to avoid one when they could have. |
|
Stable vs unstable attributions are linked to what kind of helplessness? |
Chronic vs acute |
|
Internal vs external attributions are linked to what kind of helplessness? |
Low self esteem vs normal self esteem |
|
Global vs specific attributions are linked to what kind of helplessness? |
broad vs narrow |
|
What is the two-factor theory of emotion? |
Event --> physiological changes --> cognitive labels which leads to both emotional experience AND behaviour |
|
What is the link between attributions and emotion? |
Attributions can determine what emotions are formed (e.g. noticed physiological changes can be misattributed to the wrong emotion) |
|
What is the near reflex? |
Linking together convergence and accommodation - as eyes converge and diverge, muscles controlling the shape of the lens contract and relax automatically |
|
When the eyes are focused on an object far away, will this be an example of convergence or divergence? |
Divergence (smaller angle) |
|
A larger angle between the fixation lines of the two eyes is an example of convergence or divergence? |
Convergence |
|
What is binocular disparity? |
Difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eye, used to extract depth information. |
|
What is the horoptor? |
The locus of points in space with the same angles of fixation lines/points in space that yield single vision by stimulating the same area of both retinas. |
|
Explain binocular stimulation of receptive fields |
Identical regions of the retina are connected to binocular neurons in the cortex that signal zero depth. |
|
What is Panum's fusional area? |
Horizontal plane around the theoretical horoptor, where any point appears single. |
|
What does the wavelength of light determine? |
Colour |
|
What does the intensity of light determine? |
Brightness |
|
What is monochromatic light? |
One wavelength |
|
What is polychromatic light? |
Many wavelengths |
|
What is hue? |
The colour of the light itself |
|
What is the saturation? |
The purity or vividness of the colour |
|
What is the brightness of a colour? |
The perceived intensity of the coloured light |
|
What are the three types of cones? |
Short wavelength (blue) |
|
What can the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory account for? |
colour mixing of light basic varieties of colour deficiencies metamers |
|
What is a metamer? |
physically distinct stimulations that we perceive as one (e.g. mixing 530nm and 620nm light stimulates the same receptors (S,M,L) to the same extent as one 580nm wavelength). |
|
What is the Herring opponent process theory? |
Proposal that red/green, yellow/blue and white/black are paired in an antagonistic relationship in colour perception. |
|
What is the dual process theory? |
--> Young-Helmholtz theory is correct at the RECEPTOR level |
|
Explain some of the symptoms of Pick's disease |
Frontotemporal atrophy with 'knife like' thinning of gyri |
|
What are some of the symptoms of Pick's disease? |
Inappropriate jocularity |
|
What are some of the symptoms associated with orbitofrontal dysfunction? |
aggressiveness social inappropriateness apathy |
|
What are the speech and language effects of Pick's disease? |
non-fluent verbal output speech and language more severe changes than memory |
|
What are some of the movement disorders associated with Pick's disease? |
Akinesia (impaired voluntary movement), plastic rigidity, paratonia (resistance to passive movement) |
|
What did Lima and Moniz do? |
Suggested that lobotomy can reduce violent behaviour in monkeys |
|
What did Freeman do? |
Invented the transorbital lobotomy |
|
What are the outcomes of lobotomy? |
- Patients become stimulus bound |
|
Explain the story or W.R. |
"The man who lost his ego" |
|
What are gliomas? |
Fast growing, most common type (40-50%) of brain tumour
|
|
What are some of the functions of the LPFC? |
Working memory |
|
What are the three key areas of conceptualisation relating to the LPFC? |
- Concept formation |
|
What is perseveration? |
When a person (commonly as a side effect of LPFC damage) always persists with the same concept and isn't able to shift/adapt |
|
What is the relationship between LPFC and working memory? |
much greater LPFC activiation during spatial working memory tasks |
|
What did Konishi et al (1998) suggest? |
Using a modified Wisconsin card sorting task, Konishi et al (1998) suggested that the role of the LPFC is to inhibit dimensions that are not relevant, and to filter through possible alternatives. |
|
What is the relationship between LPFC and memory? |
Organisation and segregation of memory representations. Chronogenesis. |
|
How is LPFC damage worse different to temporal damage? |
Frontal damage: better recognition/recall, worse recency (arrange events in order) |
|
Where does the anterior cingulate cortex receive input from? |
Amygdala, thalamus, striatum, brain stem |
|
Explain the three key connections to and from the anterior cingulate cortex |
TO: motor cortex and spinal cord (willed action) |
|
What is the orbitofrontal cortex made up of? |
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
|
What are some of the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex? |
Social and emotional judgement and decision making --> choosing how to act by integrating info about goals, values and the current social situation |
|
Who was "Elliot"? |
Tumour bilaterally in orbitofrontal cortex |
|
How is orbitofrontal damage related to reward/punishment behaviour? |
OFC damage results in decreased SCRs in anticipation, reward and punishment conditions. |
|
What is the case of J.S.? |
- 56 year old man, premorbidly quiet and withdrawn |
|
What are some key points from Mallan and colleagues? |
- Cognition influences our affective reaction to a stimulus - Fear to racial outgroup faces is not irrational |
|
What did Mallan and colleages measure?
|
- Blink magnitude |
|
What were the independent variables in Mallan and colleagues? |
race of CS |
|
Which group showed resistance to extinction in Mallan and colleagues? |
Chinese no-instruction group |
|
What are some explanations posed by Mallan and colleagues |
- reflects evolutionary fear-of-the-unknown |
|
What are the two kinds of prosopagnosia? |
Acquired (damage to occipitotemporal cortex) |
|
Explain the results of the famous faces test |
Family named significantly fewer faces than controls (depends on pop culture knowledge) |
|
Explain the cambridge face memory test |
Given novel target faces to learn and presented against distractor faces |
|
Explain the Perception of Facial Similarity Cambridge FacePerception Test |
No memory component, had to rate morphed faces on similarity to target faces |
|
Explain the Facial emotion recognition Test , Mindin the Eyes Test |
Determine emotion from pictures of eyes |
|
Explain the within category object recognition test |
family has deficits in within-categoryidentification of non-face objects, not just for faces although it seems to alesser extent This family seems to have impairment onnon-face objects as well |
|
Explain the global local task |
Both control and family were similar,no evidence of global processing deficits for family |
|
Explain the mirror test |
In the no mirror condition: there Isthe control condition, no systematic pattern of errors related to the mirrorhand position In the mirror condition: systematicerrors: the more the real and mirror locations differs, the greater the error.This pattern of errors will be consistent with the brain representing the handsomewhere between the real and mirror-signalled locations |