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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the frontal lobes important for? |
Supervisory Functions (including working memory, control and social interactions) Personality Behaviour |
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Who was Phineas Gage? |
Had damage to the front lobe - underwent personality shift: changed his mind a lot, became rude and died from an epileptic seizure |
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Who was Arnold Pick? |
Described man who had loss of speech and dementia. The brain was atrophied and localised shrinkage due to brain cells dying. |
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Neuropathology associated with Picks |
Frontotemporal atrophy with knife like thinning of the gyri in frontal and temporal lobes. Ventricles enlarged Cells with abnormal tau protein inclusion Different to Alzeihmer's which atrophy is generalised |
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What is frontotemporal dementia? |
It is known as picks Abnormal spontaneous behaviours including inappropriate jerking, echolalia, echopraxia, depression, primitive reflexes present |
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What happens during first two years of picks? |
Abnormalities relate to frontal lobe with two pathways: Orbitofrontal and Dorsomedial |
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What is the orbitofrontal pathway? |
Dysfunction leads to aggressive and social inappropriateness |
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What is the dorsomedial pathway? |
Dysfunction leads to lack of concern, apathy or decreased spontaneity |
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What are the other symptoms of picks? |
Memory impairment is less severe than Alzheimer's Verbal output is often nonfluent e.g. naming objects Akinesia Plastic rigidity Perseveration |
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What is frontal lobotomy |
Severe connections between the lower part of the brain with the two frontal lobes |
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What are the side effects of frontal lobotomy? |
Patients were stimulus bound Reacted to whatever was in front of them Gained weight Sexually promiscuous Could not form/sustain goals distracted by circumstances |
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Who was W.R? |
Suffered a seizure and had a large astrocytoma, traversing along the callosal fibres and invading prefrontal cortex He had no regard for future but wish he was able to pull things together as he knew something was wrong Response to death: detached, no rage and absence of concern |
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What are Gliomas |
The are the most common brain tumour Relatively fast growing Arise from glial cells hence glioma |
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What are the frontal lobes for? |
Stimulus bound utilisation behaviours Personality Supervisory functions: including working memory, inhibition, control and decision-making Acquired Sociopathy |
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What happens when the lateral prefrontal cortex is damaged? |
Intelligence and language intact Behaviour is reflexive, becomes more stimulus driven Cannot keep interpreting the environment based on previous knowledge |
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Working Memory and the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex - McCarthy study |
Conducted a spatial vs. working memory task in fMRI Spatial wm task: respond when stimulus appears in location that has been used previously Colour task: respond when red object appears Results: far greater activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex in the wm task than the colour task |
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Wisconsin Card Sorting Test |
About Concept formation and :LPC Had to sort cards by principles that you didn't know about Results: with damage, you may get the first one right, but you will get the rest wrong as you will persist the first principle as you can't use new information to change behaviour SO Perservation and impaired performance |
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How does the card test: working memory |
As the integrated information was relevant from previous trial - must manipulate information on-line |
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Computerised Test of Cards Test |
Results showed: the prefrontal cortex active whilst doing the task, but the more dimensions given, the greater the activation |
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Organisation of memory experiment |
Gave people cards with simple objects, had to tell you which item came first Results: Recognition task: temporal damage did the worst Recency Task: Frontal lobe did the worst Wasn't able to say which of the two events came more recently |
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Organisation of Memory and Cooking |
With Frontal Lobe Lesions Could arrange sequence of cooking, but could not arrange actions into proper sequences Could not generate a plan to achieve a coherent goal Had trouble switching tasks |
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Goal Oriented Behaviour and Shopping |
Even if given a shopping list, participants failed to pay for items and failed to buy an alternative item when favourite was not available Unable to shift their thinking |
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Why is goal-orientated behaviour important? |
It allows us to identify and select goals and develop appropriate subgoals Anticipate consequences To select subgoals need to filter irrelevant information |
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What is the function of the anterior cingulate cortex? |
Modulate autonomic response, PLUS attentional and monitoring functions Input: from limbic structure Output: to prefrontal cortical areas |
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Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) experiment and attending to features |
Results: When attending to single visual feature = passive, more enhanced activity in feature specific region When attending to all three features = divided attention, ACC activation |
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ACC as emotional amplifier |
Emotional signals can be interoceptive or exteroceptive and the acc is a buffer zone that amplifies their signal to areas ACC could be involved in the experiential aspects of emotion Superordinate role in executive control of attention and motor responses of emotion |
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What are the three sets of projects in the ACC |
1. Project from ACC to Motor Control/Spinal Cord = involved in initiating actions and getting over inertia 2. Connect with lateral prefrontal cortex: Cognition = monitoring conflicts 3. Amplifies the afferent via ACC |
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What is the orbitofrontal cortex and its two sub areas |
Allows us to integrate incoming information with information about goals, experience and current social situation Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Lateral-Orbital Prefrontal Cortex |
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Orbitofrontal Cortex and Elliot who had damage there |
Had a lack of concern for social rules, decreased social awareness and empathy Post Surgery: could not make judgements, or shift from tasks, took risky ventures |
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Orbitofrontal Cortex and Decision Making - Skin Conductance experiment |
Looked at you anticipate getting a reward/punishment Results: When anticipating cards: patients had a very low skin response in comparison to control But were also low when got reward/punishment They were not fussed about what was going on in life |
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J.S. and orbitofrontal trauma |
Had high levels of aggression and callous disregard of others and lack of remorse Poor judgement of moral transgression Poor attribution of emotion Impaired ability to generate consequences of inappropriate behaviour |
