Psyc201 Chapter 11: Motivation And Emotion

Front 1

achievement goal theory

Back 1

A theory of achievement motivation that stresses the goals (ego versus mastery) and motivational climates that influence achievement strivings.

Front 2

anorexia nervosa

Back 2

An eating disorder involving a severe and sometimes fatal restriction of food intake.

Front 3

approach-approach conflict

Back 3

A conflict in which an individual is simultaneously attracted to two incompatible positive goals.

Front 4

approach-avoidance conflict

Back 4

A conflict in which an individual is simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the same goal.

Front 5

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Back 5

A conflict in which an individual must choose between two undesirable alternatives.

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behavioral activation system (BAS)

Back 6

A neural system that is activated by cues indicating potential reward and positive need gratification. Activity in this neural system causes the person to begin or to increase movement toward positive goals in anticipation of pleasure.

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behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

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A neural system that is activated by cues indicating potential pain, nonreinforcement, and punishment. Activity in this neural system produces fear, inhibition of behavior, as well as escape and avoidance behaviors.

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bulimia nervosa

Back 8

An eating disorder that involves a repeated cycle of binge eating followed by purging of the food.

Front 9

Cannon-Bard theory

Back 9

A theory of emotion that proposed that the thalamus sends simultaneous messages to the cortex (producing our experience of emotion) and to the viscera and skeletal muscles, producing actions and physiological responses.

Front 10

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Back 10

A peptide (hormone) that helps produce satiety and cessation of eating.

Front 11

cognitive appraisal

Back 11

The process of making judgments about situations, personal capabilities, likely consequences, and personal meaning of consequences.

Front 12

cultural display rules

Back 12

Cultural norms that regulate when and how emotions are expressed.

Front 13

ego-approach goals

Back 13

An achievement orientation that focuses on being judged successful as a result of outperforming others.

Front 14

ego-avoidance goals

Back 14

An achievement orientation that focuses on avoiding negative judgments by self or others due to failing to outperform others.

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ego orientation

Back 15

An achievement goal orientation in which success is defined in terms of how well one compares with others and “wins out.”

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eliciting stimuli

Back 16

Internal or external cues that evoke an emotional response.

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emotion

Back 17

A pattern of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral responses to situations and events that have relevance to important goals or motives.

Front 18

expectancy x value theory

Back 18

A cognitive theory stating that goal-directed behavior is jointly influenced by (1) the person’s expectancy that a particular behavior will contribute to reaching the goal and (2) how positively or negatively the person values the goal.

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expressive behaviors

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Observable behavior that accompanies subjectively experienced emotions.

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extrinsic motivation

Back 20

Motivation to perform a behavior to obtain external rewards and reinforcers, such as money, status, attention, and praise.

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facial feedback hypothesis

Back 21

States that somatic feedback from facial muscles to the brain influences emotional experience.

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fundamental emotional patterns

Back 22

The tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors when explaining other people’s behavior.

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glucose

Back 23

A simple sugar that is the body’s (and especially the brain’s) major source of immediately usable fuel.

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homeostasis

Back 24

The maintenance of biological equilibrium, or balance, within the body.

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incentive

Back 25

An environmental stimulus or condition that motivates behavior.

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instinct

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An inherited characteristic, common to all members of a species, that automatically produces a particular response when the organism is exposed to a particular stimulus.

Front 27

instrumental behaviors

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In emotion, coping behaviors that are directed at achieving the goal or performing the task that is relevant to the emotion.

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intrinsic motivation

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The motivation to perform a task simply because one finds it interesting or enjoyable for its own sake.

Front 29

James-Lange theory

Back 29

A theory of emotion that proposed that emotional experience is based on a person’s perception of her or his bodily responses.

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leptin

Back 30

A hormone secreted by fat cells that decreases general appetite.

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mastery-approach goals

Back 31

Goals related to the desire to master a task and learn new knowledge and skills.

Front 32

mastery-avoidance goals

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Goals that reflect a fear of not performing up to one’s own standards.

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mastery orientation

Back 33

An achievement goal orientation in which success is defined in terms of personal improvement and enjoyment rather than in terms of comparisons with the performance of others .

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metabolism

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The rate of energy expenditure by the body.

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motivation

Back 35

A process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior.

Front 36

motivational climate

Back 36

The achievement context created by adults. In an ego-involving climate, performers are compared with one another and urged to compete to be the best; those who perform best get special attention. In a mastery-involving climate, effort, enjoyment of the activity, and personal improvement are emphasized and rewarded.

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need for achievement

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The desire to accomplish tasks and attain standards of excellence.

Front 38

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Back 38

A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus packed with receptor sites for transmitters that stimulate or reduce appetite.

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polygraph

Back 39

A research and clinical instrument that measures a wide array of physiological responses.

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self-actualization

Back 40

In humanistic theories, an inborn tendency to strive toward the realization of one’s full potential.

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self-determination theory

Back 41

A humanistic theory formulated by Deci and Ryan that focuses on three fundamental psychological needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

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self-efficacy

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The conviction that we can perform the behaviors necessary to produce a desired outcome.

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set point

Back 43

A biologically determined standard around which body weight (or, more specifically, our fat mass) is regulated.

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sexual dysfunction

Back 44

Chronic, impaired sexual functioning that distresses a person.

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sexual orientation

Back 45

A person’s emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex

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sexual response cycle

Back 46

A physiological response to sexual stimulation that involves stages of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Front 47

social comparison

Back 47

The act of comparing one’s personal attributes, abilities, and opinions with those of other people.

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2 x2 achievement goal theory

Back 48

A model of motivation in which each person can be described in terms of an achievement motivation profile involving four types of goals: mastery-approach, ego-approach, mastery-avoidance, and ego-avoidance goals.

Front 49

two-factor theory of emotion

Back 49

Maintains that avoidance learning first involves the classical conditioning of fear, followed by learning operant responses that avoid an anticipated aversive stimulus and thus are reinforced by anxiety reduction.