Psyc20006 Biological Psychology (Melbourne Uni) Lecture 23

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Schizophrenia

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a disorder of thought and emotion, but not a “split personality”

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Characteristics of schizophrenia

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-Thought disorder -Hallucinations
-Delusions-Bizarre behaviours, including unusual motor movements, silly behaviours

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The incidence of schizophrenia is about .....%

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1

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Three categories of symptoms in schizophrenia. 1.p............... 2.n..................... 3.cognitive

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1.positive 2.negative 3.cognitive

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Positive symptoms include;

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delusions, hallucinations and thought disorder - Delusions are beliefs that are contrary to reality - Delusions can involve control, grandeur, or persecution - Hallucinations are perceptions that occur in the absence of stimuli (often auditory and/or
olfactory) -Thought disorder: disorganized and irrational

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Negative symptoms involve:

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a loss of normal behaviors, such as - Poverty of speech (alogia) and low initiative (avolition), apathy - Social withdrawal, diminished affect, anhedonia

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Cognitive symptoms involve:

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Difficulty with sustained attention - Low psychomotor speed - Deficits in learning and memory - Poor abstract thinking and problem solving

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The ................... of schizophrenia is a strong indicator of a biological basis for the disorder

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heritability

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Two Major Hypotheses as to the
Etiology of Schizophrenia. 1. The “..................... hypothesis” states that the positive
symptoms of schizophrenia are a consequence of over activity of brain dopaminergic synapses 2.Schizophrenia is due to ............... of the brain

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dopamine, atrophy

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These two hypotheses are frequently linked to the
presence of .................... (dopamine hypothesis) and
..................... (brain atrophy) symptoms, respectively

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positive, negative

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The “dopamine hypothesis” is that the ....................... symptoms of schizophrenia involve over activity of ............... dopaminergic synapses

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positive, brain

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........................ (CPZ) was identified as an effective
...................(AP) agent

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Chlorpromazine, antipsychotic

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CPZ was later found to block .......receptors (D2 receptors). Overactivity is likely to be in the ...................... Pathway

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DA, Mesolimbic

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Increased DA release - More .................... input to DA neurones- Less ....................... input to DA neurones-Fewer or defective autoreceptors on DA neurones

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excitatory, inhibitory

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Increased postsynaptic response to DA release -More postsynaptic DA receptors - Greater response in ................. ............... to activation of DA receptors

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postsynaptic neurones

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Prolonged activation of postsynaptic receptors- Decreased ................ of DA by DA .................... ................

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reuptake, terminal button

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PET studies indicate greater release of dopamine in the
striatum of schizophrenics to a test dose of amphetamine
- Amount of dopamine released was related to the increase in
..................... schizophrenia symptoms

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positive

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Antipsychotic medications diminish the ................. .............. evident in schizophrenia

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thought disorder

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Side effects of antipsychotic medications include;

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autonomic problems (dry mouth), skin0eye pigmentation, breast development, TARDIVE DYSKINESIA (facial ticks and gestures- TD due to over stimulation of DA receptors)

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Up to one third of patients with Schizophrenia are not helped by .......................... .................

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pharmacological treatment

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The negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related to
brain damage: The neurological signs evident in schizophrenia include;

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Eye tracking problems- Catatonia - Problems with blinking, eye focusing, and visual pursuit

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Schizophrenics exhibit enlarged brain ................, which
suggests loss of brain cells

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ventricles

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Regions of schizophrenic brain that are abnormal include:

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Prefrontal cortex - Medial temporal lobes (hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampal
gyrus) - Medial diencephalon

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The neurological symptoms of schizophrenia may be
caused by:

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Birth trauma (obstetric issues)
- Viral infections that impair neural development during the
second trimester -Seasonality effects (schizophrenia is more likely for winter births)- Influenza epidemic -Nutritional issues (Hunger Winter) - Maternal stress may compromise the immune system of the mother and lead to a greater chance of contracting a viral infection -Monochorionic (share placenta) vs Dichorionic twins (separate Placenta). Mono have higher concordance rate

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Children born during the
late ................ and early ................
are more likely to develop
schizophrenia (cities NOT country side)

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winter, spring (potentially due to mother contracting a viral infection during this period).

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Hypofrontality refers to the:

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decreased activity of the
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -Damage to the prefrontal cortex impairs behavioral flexibility
(card sorting task) and patients are poor at this task Schizophrenics show decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex

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Abuse of Phencyclidine (PCP) produces:

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positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia - Positive: related to immediate, indirect, facilitative actions of
PCP on accumbens DA
- Negative: related to decreased DA utilization in prefrontal
cortex following long-term PCP treatment

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Schizophrenia Summary:Positive, negative, and ...................... symptoms- Strong heritability, biological basis with ..................... contributions

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cognitive, environmental

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Schizophrenia Summary: Dopamine hypothesis: positive sx caused by .................. of DA synapses in nucleus accumbens & .................... (mechanism uncertain)

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hyperactivity, amygdala

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Schizophrenia Summary:Brain abnormalities and neurological sx - Hypofrontality: appears to cause negative/cognitive
sx, and may cause an increase in activity of ......
neurons in the mesolimbic system (= positive sx)
n Newer antipsychotics reduce hypofrontality and some
act as ............. agonists, impacting areas with both
reduced and elevated DA levels

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DA, partial