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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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s............ and b.......... rhythms are ............ related
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sleep, biological, intimately
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Three critical experiments (all changed the nature/understanding & interest in sleep) Study 1: Aserinsky & Kleitman (1953)
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studying sleep difficulties in infants and wanted to explore the slow rolling eye movements that babies have at sleep onset. He had his student Aserinsky watch these movements of sleepy infants. What surprised Aserinsky and changed the notion of sleep forever, was the occasional occurrence of very rapid movements of the eyes at various times during the sleep cycle. Though the eyes remained closed, they moved just as if the child was awake and outside playing games. Aserinsky and Kleitman then monitored adults and found the same thing, and that these eye movements lasted anywhere from three to fifty-five minutes (Van De Castle, 1994). Since the movements appeared as if the sleepers were scanning, they decided to awaken them and ask what they were looking at.
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Study 2: Dement & Kleitman (1957)
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the relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: an objective method for the study of dreaming. Dement & Kleitman (1957) is a classic study which explored sleep and dreaming using electronic recording as well as observation and diary methods. It is summarised in the box opposite. Dement & Kleitman’s research aimed to find objective ways to investigate the previously entirely subjective study of dream content by looking for relationships between eye movements in sleep and the dreamer’s recall.
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Study 3: Dement (1960)
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Dement (1960) deprived volunteers of either REM or NREM sleep and observed the consequences. He found that REM deprivation was most dramatic with participants becoming more aggressive and having very poor concentration. He also reported REM rebound effects, in which participants would try and catch up on lost REM sleep. For example going straight into REM when allowed to go back to sleep. By the seventh night Dement reported that participants were averaging 26 attempts per night to enter REM. After the procedure when they were allowed an uninterrupted nights sleep they spent much longer in REM. This is similar to the results reported following the Randy Gardner study and again reinforces the apparent importance of REM sleep.
In practice partial sleep deprivation is not possible over any period of time since participants need to be woken so often it quickly deteriorates into total sleep deprivation. |
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Three physiological measures are now used in sleep labs to determine whether a person is awake/asleep & which stage of sleep they are in;. 1. M....... T.......... (EMG). 2. Summated b............. w............... a............. (EEG) 3. E................ M...............
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1. Muscle Tone. 2. Summated brain wave activity. 3. Eye movement
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Non-REM sleep
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The four stages of sleep during which the sleeper does not experience rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. They average sleep cycle lasts about 90 to 100 minutes. Non-REM dreams are more likely to consist of brief, fragmentary impressions that are less emotional and less likely to involve visual images than REM sleep dreams.
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REM sleep
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is a normal stage of sleep characterized by the rapid and random movement of the eyes. REM sleep is classified into two categories: tonic and phasic.[1] It was identified and defined by Nathaniel Kleitman, Eugene Aserinsky, and Jon Birtwell in the early 1950s. Criteria for REM sleep includes rapid eye movement, but also low muscle tone and a rapid, low-voltage EEG; these features are easily discernible in a polysomnogram,[2] the sleep study typically done for patients with suspected sleep disorders
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As people sleep they go through five different stages. These stages are broken down separately because there are changes in your brain waves. About every 90-100 minutes people pass through all 5 stages.The five stage of sleep. Stage 1:
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the sleep cycle brain waves are referred to as theta waves. They consist of a 4-7 cycle per second rhythm. (Non-REM Sleep)
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Stage 2:
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the brain generates sleep spindles. Spindles are a 12-14 rhythm that lasts a half of a second. Sleep talking usually occurs during stages 1 and 2 of sleep. Sleep talking is mumbled and usually not understandable. (Non-REM Sleep)
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Stage 3:
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Delta waves are produced from the brain in the third stage of sleep. These brain waves become slower when the sleep cycle begins. During this cycle your heart rate, blood pressure, and arousal decline. (Non-REM Sleep)
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Stage 4:
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very similar to stage 3 because Delta waves continue in the brain. During this stage of sleep most dreams and nightmares occur. (Non-REM Sleep)
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Stage 5:
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your breathing becomes irregular and more rapid. Your heartbeat rises and your eyes dart around in a momentary burst of activity while your eyelids are closed. This is called REM sleep (REM Sleep)
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Wakefulness;
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alpha actively 8-12hz, high muscle activity.
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Mental activity in sleep
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- continues during sleep. - dreams during REM. - more thought like during non-REM. In REM increased blood flow to visual cortex BUT decrease blood flow to the inferior frontal cortex. REM eye movement resembles those made when a person scans a visual image. (nightmares can occur during stage 4)
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Sleep structure & patterns: ..... levels of sleep @ birth. ......... w/ age --> early teens, then slow after ......... then again difficulties with ........ up often throughout the night in ............ population
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higher, decrease, teens, often, elderly
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Sleep deprivation is BAD: Human studies
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- performance deficits @ higher levels of sleep sep. perceptual distortions and hallucinations.
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Sleep deprivation is BAD: Animal studies
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rats walk on rotating platform decrease sleep --> increased eating --> ill --> die
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chronic sleep sep has physical (c...................,) and mental (d...................) consequences
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cardiovascular, depression
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.....hours of wakefulness likened to ........................... (as far as negative effects are concerned)
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20, intoxication
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of sleep?
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A circadian distribution of activity.
– A prolonged phase of inactivity with raised arousal thresholds to external stimuli. – A characteristic posture during inactivity. |
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SWS
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slow wave sleep
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circadian rhythm
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is any biological process which displays an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of about 24 hours. These rhythms are driven by (or composed of) a circadian clock, and rhythms have been widely observed in plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria.
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The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
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a tiny region on the brain's midline, situated directly above the optic chiasm. It is responsible for controlling circadian rhythms. The neuronal and hormonal activities it generates regulate many different body functions in a 24-hour cycle, using around 20,000 neurons.[1] located in the hypothalamus - receives visual info from eye - via the RHT. AFTER lesion behaviour is non rhythmic.
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The SCN, receives ......... - lesions disrupt .............. rhythm
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input, circadian
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A b................. r............... is one or more biological events or functions that reoccur in time in a repeated order and with a repeated interval between occurrences.
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biological rhythm
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A well-functioning biological ....... is important for falling asleep and getting enough of the various ......... of normal sleep. This affects, in turn, alertness, job performance, interpersonal relationships, and day-to-day safety issues. Well-functioning circadian rhythms may also play a role in psychological health, particularly for persons living in areas with decreased light in the winter months.
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clock, stages
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