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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory
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Maintaining info over tim, the mental processes of acquiring and retaining info for later retrieval (acquisition, maintenance, retrieval)
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Explicit memory
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As the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. People use explicit memory throughout the day, such as remembering the time of an appointment or recollecting an event from years ago.
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Implicit memory
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an unconscious, unintentional form of memory. Remembering a specific driving lesson is an example of explicit memory, while improved driving skill as a result of the lesson is an example of implicit memory.
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Tulvings conceptualisation of episodic memory (/differentiation between semantic and episodic)
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Tulving first made the distinction between episodic and semantic memory in a 1972 book chapter.[2] Episodic memory is the ability to consciously recollect previous experiences from memory (e.g., recalling a recent family trip to Disney World), whereas semantic memory is the ability to store more general knowledge in memory (e.g., the fact that Disney World is in Florida). Episodic- allows individuals to re-experience through autonomic awareness (highly personalised feeling or (re) experiencing oneself in the autobiographical past or present, previously exp and project similar exp into the future.
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Procedural memory
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memory for how to do things. Procedural memory guides the processes we perform and most frequently resides below the level of conscious awareness. When needed, procedural memories are automatically retrieved and utilized for the execution of the integrated procedures involved in both cognitive and motor skills; from tying shoes to flying an airplane to reading.
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Declarative memory
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(sometimes referred to as explicit memory) is one of two types of long term human memory. It refers to memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and knowledge.
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Four models of memory (first 3 are serial). 1. A.... 2L...3.T....4.P...
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1.Atkinson-shiffrin model . 2. Levels of processing. 3. Tulving model of memory. 4. Parallel Distributed Processing Model.
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Atkinson-shiffrin model
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multi-store model is a model of memory that has the advantage of being able to be broken down into sub-models of memory: the multi-memory model and the Modal model) is a psychological model proposed in 1968 by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin[1] as a proposal for the structure of memory. It proposed that human memory involves a sequence of three stages:
Sensory memory (SM) Short-term memory (STM) Long-term memory (LTM) |
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Levels of processing
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Instead of concentrating on the stores/structures involved (i.e. short term memory & long term memory), this theory concentrates on the processes involved in memory.
Unlike the multi-store model it is a non-structured approach. The basic idea is that memory is really just what happens as a result of processing information. Depth of processing falls on a shallow to deep continuum. Shallow processing (e.g., processing based on phonemic and orthographic components) leads to a fragile memory trace that is susceptible to rapid decay. Conversely, deep processing (e.g., semantic processing) results in a more durable memory trace. This theory contradicts the multi-store Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model in its representation of memory strength as continuously variable. |
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Tulvings model of memory
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episodic memory: autobiographical memory; personally experienced and remembered events of a lifetime
semantic memory:general world-knowledge (e.g. vocabulary, grammar) you don't have an 'episode' in which you remember when and where someone told you for the first time 'that's a bird'. procedural memory: knowledge of 'how to' (difficult to verbalize)how to play a guitar how to ride a bike K.C. (motorcycle guy) know how to play chess (procedural), but cannot remember playing anyone (episodic) |
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3 key studies. 1. S..... & Z....... 2.Tulvings; s....... p......... independent (SPI) hypothesis. 3. V........ & K...... et al. 1997
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1.Squire & Zola 2. Tulvings; serial, parallel, independent (SPI) hypothesis 3. Vargna- Khandam
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Squire & Zola
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Declarative memory is dependent of the hippocampal system. Damage --> impairment to episodic and semantic memories (Amnestic patients HM difficulties with EVENT & FACT memory.
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Tulvings SPI
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Semantic memory is the gateway for both ep and sem men systems (eq. encoding in ep and sem relies on sem). Ep men is unique extension of sem. Retrieval is independent can be supported by either or both system.
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Vargna & Knadem et al. 1997
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Supports tulving. Study- special grp of kids. 3 w/ early bilateral medial TL injury. Significant impaired men function relative to intellect. Suggests dissociation between ep and sem. Ep relies on intact hippocampal circuit. Sem men function does NOT rely on intact ep mem.
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