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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Samuel Morton (1820s - 50s)
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Measured cranial cavity (mustard seed and lead shot)
Head size related to intelligence Rank races on skull cavity |
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Paul Broca
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Weighed brains and ranked people
Larger brain = greater intelligence Made correction for larger body size of Germans |
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Sir Francis Galton
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Intelligence hereditary
Coined term eugenics - selectively breed Study diff in perception, quickness, strength |
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Correlation Coefficient
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(r)
-1.00 to 1.00 Unrelated - 0 Closer to -1 or 1 then closer the relationship |
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Positive correlation
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One variable increases the other does also
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Negative correlation
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One variable increases the other does not
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Alfred Binet
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Intelligence = General ability not just accumulation of knowledge
Constructed first intelligence test - copying a drawing, repeating digits, making change w coins 3-13 years Composite score pos correlated w school |
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Early intelligence testing and problems
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Mental Age/Chronological age x 100
Difficulty with adults |
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Wechsler
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NORMS to determine IQ
Average IQ age = 100 2/3 people fall between 85 - 115 Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) WISC (Children) Stanford-Binet |
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Reasoning for IQ
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Verbal, Quantitative (mathematical), Visual, Short-term, paper and pencil (admin)
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Spearman's Two-Factor Theory
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g = general factors (All subtests)
s = specific (type of task) |
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Fluid Intelligence
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Ability to learn, perceive relationships, deal w new problems
Abstract problems, memory span Stops increasing and decreases after adolescence |
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Crystallised Intelligence
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Acquired knowledge from one's culture
Vocab, reasoning Continues to increase w age |
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Two types of "g"
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Fluid and Crystallised intelligence
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Building blocks (IQ)
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Correlations between cognitive performance, brain imaging and IQ scores
Mental speed, working memory and attention, executive control |
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intell.
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Analytic (analyse, plan, memory etc)
Creative Practical (apply, adapt etc) |
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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intell
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Many types - some high and low in others
Linguistic Musical Logical Spatial Bodily Social/Emotional |
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r^2
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Percentage of variance predicted from one measure by another
r = 0.25 squared = 25 25% variance explained 75% school performance on other factors |
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Job Performance and Creativity (IQ)
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Correlated w IQ tests
r = 0.3 to 0.5 |
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Health and wellbeing (IQ)
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Positively w longevity
Negatively w cardiovascular, mortality from injuries, alcohol related |
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Twin studies and IQ
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Mono together: 0.85
Mono apart: 0.7 Di together: 0.6 Siblings together: 0.45 Unrelated: 0.02 (Similarity of in tell) |
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Limitations of twin studies
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Assume environments of identical twins no more similar than others
Identical twins react more similarly to environment and have environments react more sim to them Environments not chosen in random |
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Environmental and genetic effects in development
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Teratogens
Nutrition Inherited disease Stimulation Trauma Lead, mercury |
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Abecedarian Project (N. Carolina)
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Intelligence not fixed
Other environmental factors related to children's IQ skills High heritability not mean uninfluenced by environ. |
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Ethnicity and Intelligence
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V little
Group means no direct implications for individuals Within group and between diff may not have similar causes |
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US soldiers who are Euro and African
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No IQ diff between ethnic groups whereas doc diff in US (Done in Germany)
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Scarr and Weinburg (1976)
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African-American children adopted into high SES families show sig high IQ scores
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Spencer, Steele and Quinn (1999)
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No gender diff: men and women similar results on math test
Gender diff: Women sig lower |
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Hernstein and Murray (1994)
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Bell Curve
Claimed that: Psycs agree 'g' exists IQ tests measure what most people think of intell IQ imposs to modify through ed IQ mostly genetic Rad diff in IQ result of hereditary |
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Analogical Representations
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Pic of dog rep concept of dog but has many sim to actual dog
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Symbolic Representations
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What makes something a dog?
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Representations of Spatial Info
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Both analogical and symbolic reps
What is further West - New Plymouth or chch |
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Deductive reasoning for mental rep organisation
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Logic problems/syllogisms
Premise: all cats have four legs, I have four legs Conclusion: therefore I am a cat General to specific |
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Inductive reasoning for mental rep organisation
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Testing hypotheses
Starting w specific to form general principles |
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Heuristics to assist Inductive reasoning
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Availability and Representativeness
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Availability Heuristic
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Prob estimates influenced by how easy to retrieve info
Easier = more frequent USA 2010: 65,000 die from diabetes and 7000 firearm 50/50 he/she = she more salient |
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Representativeness Heuristic
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Prob estimates influenced by how similar something is to some category
Stereotypes Confirmation Bias |
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Confirmation Bias
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Seek info that confirms what we already know
Prefer to seek then falsify hypothesis |
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Why use heuristics
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Save time
Often work |
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Strategies for problem solving
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Trial and error (not recommended)
Algorithm (Rule that guarantees solution, anagrams) Heuristic (Don't guarantee solution but often work) Means-end heuristic (step by step, monitor, tower of Hanoi) Change rep of problem (Cake problem) Guess solution Search |
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Successful problem solving
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Practice and expertise
Analyse, plan, evaluate Thinking of diff ways |
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Characteristics of language
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Arbitary, creative, structured, social, tool for thought
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Hierarchical structure of language
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Phonemes
Morphemes Words Phrases Sentences |
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Phonemes
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Sounds that matter to a language
Vary depending on where airflow is varied in oral cavity |
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Voice onset time
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Phonemes differ whether voiced/unvoiced
Voiced = feel vibrations in larynx |
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Perception of speech...
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Depends on context in which phonemes in words are heard
Words in isolation are more difficult to recognise than in context |
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Morphemes
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Smallest language units that carry meaning
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Content morphemes
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Carry the burden of meaning
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Function morphemes
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Add details to the meaning
Serve grammatical purposes |
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Syntax
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Rules for combining words to produce sentence
Tells how main components in sentence are related Learned implicitly Cued by: Word order, word class, function words and affixes |
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Semantics
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Meaning (of sentences)
"Lisa's mum was upset that SHE hadn't done HER homework" |
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Single deep structure
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Can have two different surface structures
I mailed the letter today The letter was mailed by me today |
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Single surface structure
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Can have two different deep structures
I saw Mt Taranaki flying over NZ (ambiguous) - I was flying over NZ and I saw Mt T - Mt T was flying over NZ |
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Lexical (Word) Ambiguity
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Where the meaning of a single word is ambiguous
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Inferences
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"Filling in blanks"
Boring to state all of necessary info Speakers leave out info with this assumption |
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Mondegreens
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What happens when listeners have limited context to help interpret language
"round John virgin" (Silent Night) |
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Broca's Aphasia
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Omission of function words
Production affected more than comprehension Production and comprehension of syntax affected |
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Wernicke's aphasia
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Comprehension deeply affected
Content words affected Function words used appropriately "jargon" aphasia |
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Gender diff in brain activation during language use
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Aphasia more frequent in males w left hemisphere damage
Women better prognosis for recovery from aphasia Measurements of cerebal blood flow (fMRI) show women more lateralised when performing language tests |
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Semantic processing relies on...
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Processing content words
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Syntactic processing relies on...
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Processing function words
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Speech errors
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More likely when error forms real word
One class (content or function) at a time Rarely errors with both classes |
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Sensitive periods for learning language
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None for meaning of words
Yes for learning nuances of syntax Ends by puberty |
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Genie
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Locked in room until 13
Found: unable to talk, make vocalisations, chew food, walk properly, use toilet Intensive language training Difficulty fully acquiring syntax Better use of content words than function and inflections |
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Deaf Singers
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Often learn language later than oral lang. users
Subtle deficits in syntax if lang. acquired later in life |
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Asian immigrants to US (language)
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Tested on detection of syntactic errors in English sentences
Older immigrated, less errors detected |
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Perception of speech sounds is...
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Categorial for consonant sounds
Not species specific (all mammalian) Modified by experience, evidenced around 9 months old |
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Babbling
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Limited set of sounds
Constrained by shape of infant vocal tract Infant's lack of motor coordination |
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Cooing
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2 months
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Reduplicated babbling
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6-7 months
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Variegated babbling
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11-12 months
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Protowords
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Initial speech often employ a generic word eg "ba" to refer to many things
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Word comprehension precedes production by...
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Four months
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Initial acquisition comprehension rate is...
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Twice that of production
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Phoneme production lags comprehension, T/F?
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True
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Social context of early words
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Production
Parent let child's behaviour guide talk (what they look at) Emerge as part of routine (night night) |
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When is there a major increase in word acquisition rate and why?
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After first 50 words
Why: Understanding of symbolic nature of language More control over articulation Easier retrieval |
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Under extension
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Using "dog" only for family dog
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Overextension
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Using "dog" for dogs and cats
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Is under extension or overextension more likely?
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Under extension
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Is under extension or overextension more likely when productive vocab is small?
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Overextension
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% overextension w number of words acquired
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1-25 = 45%
26-50 = 35% 51-75 = 20% |
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Why are words overextended?
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Extended usually only once
More likely in production than comprehension May not understand full meaning of word Limited vocab Retrieval |
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Holophrases
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Use single word to intend to stand for an entire statement
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Overregularised syntactical rules
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Child initially produces high frequency irregular verbs in past
Then overregularise - went - goed Finally corrected |
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Pragmatics
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Rules for how literal meaning can be changed by social context
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What is a statement determined by?
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Word meaning
Syntax World knowledge Social context |
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Face-saving
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Use as people want to be liked - will use indirect speech not direct
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Status with speech
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If know someone well, will use direct statements, if not will use indirect
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6 main ways of making indirect requests by focussing on...
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Hearer's ability
Speaker's wish Hearer actually doing something Hearer's willingness Reasons for doing something Combinations of above |
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Cooperation Principle
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Basis for conversation
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Maxim of Quantity
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Say as much as is needed to be informative but no more than necessary
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Maxim of Quality
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Say only what you believe to be true
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Maxim of Relation
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Make each utterance relevant to context
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Maxim of Manner
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Avoid ambiguity - be clear and to point
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What social info do we convey through speech?
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Education
Social Class Ethnicity Age Gender |
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Marked nouns
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The standard is unmarked (mankind, actor, Kiwi)
The non-standard is marked (woman doctor, actress) |
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Female-female dyads
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Frequent turn-taking
Minimal responses Ask Q's Agree w statements Compliments Self-derogatory comments Intensifiers Mitigation Socio-emotional orientation |
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Male-male dyads
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Lengthier turns
State opinions Tease and insult Brag Challenge statements Give advice Use direct statements Instrumental orientation |
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Leaper and Gleason (1996)
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Socio-dramatic play (grocer) - communication showed more features of female-perferential language
Instrumental play (build car) - male-preferential |
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Communication Accommodation Theory
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In friendly conversation, speakers tend to converge towards the speech of their convo partner
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Holmes (1988)
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Complimenter-Recipient, Number, %
F-F, 248, 51.2 F-M, 80, 16.5 M-F, 12, 21.3 |
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Hannah and Murachver
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When someone is facilitating (more typical of female-preferential style) we talk more
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Aristotle, Chomsky
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Language is a tool used to communicate thought
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Watson
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Thought is a sub-vocal language
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Whorfian Hypothesis
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Having specific language determines (strong version) or influences (weak) how we think
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Berlin & Kay
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Does the lack of a colour name influence the perception of colour?
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Eleanor Rosch
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Dani Tribe in Papua New Guinea
Only use two colour terms Perception, memory and discrimination of colours were similar to speakers whose language coded many terms |
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Russian blues
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High accuracy
Russian speakers were faster to discriminate colours between categories than within English speakers had no categorial advantage |
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Maths and language (Miura et al)
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Children learning languages that code numbers illogically struggle more initially with maths
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Language and working memory
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Amount of info held in working memory is related to speaking rate (faster speakers more rehearsal so keep more info available)
Working memory greater for lists of short words than long Digit span larger for those whose language has numbers that are quick to say |
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Bartlett
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Words used determined/affected working memory
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Boroditsky 2000
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Think about time horizontally/vertically
English speakers: Horizontally - ahead, behind, forward, back Mandarin: Vertically - Up ( earlier events), down (later events) PRIME with horizontal/vertical spatial primes: English speakers faster with h primes Mandarin faster w V primes |
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Whorfian Hypothesis supported?
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Not enough evidence to support strong version
Increasing evidence that language can influence thought in subtle ways (weak) |
