Psyc Week 17: Self And Others

Front 1

What is the Rouge Test?

Back 1

- Test used to determine SENSE OF SELF
- Red dot placed on nose of individual
- Person put in front of mirror to see if recognition occurs

Front 2

Who identifies with sense of self?

Back 2

Humans and some species

Front 3

How does language contribute to sense of self in children?

Back 3

They start describing themselves positively because they can't start differentiating what they do and what they WANT to do.

Front 4

Self-concept

Back 4

The way someone sees their self; the basis of how we describe our self.

Front 5

At around 8 years old, how does sense of self change?

Back 5

Kids start making social comparisons between them and others. They're also more concerned by how others see them.

Front 6

Social comparisons

Back 6

Judging one's abilities and skills by comparing it to others.

Front 7

Feeling like you are being watched more closely than you actually are is an example of ___ ___.

Back 7

imaginary audience

Front 8

In early adolescence, how does sense of self change?

Back 8

More concerned with how others perceive ourselves.

Front 9

Later in adolescence, why are we less worried about what others think?

Back 9

Because we are more confident in who we are as individuals as time goes on.

Front 10

Different ____ places different levels of importance on the self.

Back 10

cultures

Front 11

Theory of Mind

Back 11

- Ability to reason about what other people might know/believe and how those beliefs and knowledge will relate to their actions.
- Predicting intentions of others

*It is the fact that the mind is not directly observable

Front 12

False belief problem

Back 12

Test that determines Theory of Mind and false belief understanding in children

Front 13

False belief problem: container test

Back 13

- Adult shows child a box of candy like Smarties
- They open the box and there are pencils
- Adult asks what another person would think is in the box. Child says, "Pencils."

Front 14

False belief problem: displacement test

Back 14

- Kids watch puppet play
- Puppet 1 places object in cupboard
- Puppet 1 leaves, puppet 2 moves object to drawer
- Kids are asked where they think Puppet 1 will look for the object and they say the drawer

Front 15

Displacement test: explores how children reason through a change in ____ from 2 different ____.

Back 15

location
perspectives

Front 16

Intersubjectivity

Back 16

Ability to SHARE focus of attention with others.

Front 17

Intersubjectivity is a _____ to Theory of Mind.

Back 17

precursor

Front 18

What factor contributes to Theory of Mind?

Back 18

Executive Functioning

Front 19

Which part of the brain is responsible for executive functioning?

Back 19

The prefrontal cortex

Front 20

Name 2 factors that affect Theory of Mind

Back 20

1) Siblings
2) Executive functioning

Front 21

How do siblings contribute to Theory of Mind?

Back 21

Having older siblings allows for ToM to develop at a higher level and mature faster because of the richer environment compared to someone w/o siblings.

Front 22

Executive functioning is not the direct cause of the development of ____ __ ___.

Back 22

Theory of Mind

Front 23

True or False: Theory of Mind is biological.

Back 23

False - it is partyly learnable

Front 24

Who lacks Theory of Mind?

Back 24

Those with autism

Front 25

What is autism characterized by?

Back 25

Difficulty in understanding social situations and forming relationships

Front 26

Describe an instance showing how Theory of Mind is present in animals.

Back 26

In chimps, a dominant chimp takes the food first. However, less dominant chimp were shown to take food when the dominant one was not looking.

Front 27

Corvid, a bird, displays Theory of Mind in what way?

Back 27

When a corvid is being watched as it hides food, it will return to that hiding place and move the food to a new hiding place.

Front 28

What would be 'reading' minds be an evolutionary advantage?

Back 28

It allows us to understand other people, make social connections and be cooperative with each other.

Front 29

Why do you think we need a moral conscience?

Back 29

Promotes SURVIVAL in that cooperating with other with no benefit to ourselves (altruism), we help to keep our genes safe.

Front 30

Altruism

Back 30

Acts that benefit a person without benefits to ourselves.

Front 31

Examples of PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

Back 31

Helping others, cooperating, comforting, and other behaviours that are BENEFICIAL to SOMEONE ELSE.

Front 32

Witnessing a person's emotion and being affected by it is called ___.

Back 32

empathy

Front 33

How do babies show prosocial behaviour?

Back 33

At 14 months, they begin to help others by passing objects that have been dropped.

Front 34

"Altruism is not enough for a moral conscience."

Why is this?

Back 34

Non-human species display altruism and kinship but this does not mean they have a moral conscience.

Front 35

The earliest humans were hunter-___.

Back 35

gatherers

Front 36

Why is altruism an evolutionary advantage?

Back 36

Because if you help someone, they'll most likely help you in the future; thus, surviving and passing on your genes.

Front 37

Reciprocity

Back 37

Increased tendency of people helping those who have helped them.

Front 38

What did Kohlberg study?

Back 38

Moral development

Front 39

Longitudinal studies were performed by ___.

Back 39

Kohlberg

Front 40

Longitudinal studies

Back 40

Study of individuals who are tested at different points of their lifetimes.

Front 41

How did Kohlberg do the longitudinal studies?

Back 41

He asked the individuals the same questions at different points in their lives.

Front 42

3 Stages of Moral Development

Back 42

1) Preconventional Morality
2) Conventional Morality
3) Postconventional Morality

Front 43

Preconventional Morality

Back 43

1) Reason based on self-interest
2) Reason becomes more fair in exchanges

Front 44

Conventional Morality

Back 44

3) Concerned with being seen as a 'good' person
4) Concern with good of SOCIETY - obeying laws

Front 45

Postconventional Morality

Back 45

5) Aware that people see the law with different levels of importance
6) Abide by own set of morals
7) Questions why moral behaviour is important

Front 46

Kohlberg's studies are ____-based questioning.

Back 46

story

Front 47

Name 2 criticisms of Kohlberg's moral development theory

Back 47

1) His study was only on boys and people say boys and girls reason differently
2) Others say people switch from different moral stages in accordance to the current situation

Front 48

Higher prosocial behaviour in children are indicative of what in PARENTS?

Back 48

Shows that parents have a SUPPORTIVE parenting style.

Front 49

Aggression tends to be ___ across the lifespan

Back 49

stable

Front 50

How can aggression be an evolutionary advantage?

Back 50

An example is that children typically use aggression to get an object they want. In this way, aggression promotes survival by getting resources that individual wants.