Psyc Test 3 Chap 5 And 6

Front 1

Define Reflex

Back 1

Inate (natural) inborn (born with genetic) response to external stimuli.

Front 2

Define Instinct

Back 2

Inborn (Natural) inate (born w/genetic) species specific complex behavior (ex. migration, marking territory, etc).

Front 3

Define Learning

Back 3

Relatively permanent or durable change in behavior through experience, observation, or direct instruction.

Front 4

Define Phobia

Back 4

irrational fears of specific objects or situations.

Front 5

Ivan Pavlov

Back 5

Founded Classical Conditioning.

Front 6

Neutral Stimulus

Back 6

Anything can be a Neutral Stimulus. It is somthing that does not naturally produce the unconditioned response (EX. the bell ringing ) This turns into the Conditioned Stimulus (the bell ringing means food for the dog)

Front 7

The unconditioned Stimulus

Back 7

a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. (EX the meat powder caused the dog to produce saliva.... this was not conditioned).

Front 8

Unconditioned Response

Back 8

An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning (the dog creating saliva due to the unconditioned stimulus, the meat powder).

Front 9

Conditioned stimulus

Back 9

a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning , acquired the capacity to evoke a condiitioned response. ( ex. the bell when the scientist opened the food became the conditioned stimulus.)

Front 10

Conditioned response

Back 10

is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occcurs because of previous conditioning (ex. the dog creates saliva because when the bell goes off, not when the meat powder is produced).

Front 11

Classical Conditioning

Back 11

explains how a neutral stimulus can acquire the capacity to elict a resonse originally evoked by another stimulus. It was founded by Ivan Pavlov.

Front 12

Stimulus Generalization

Back 12

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to the new stimuli that are smiliar to the original stimulus (EX. instead of a dentist drill a sound at the jewlers may cause the same reaciton).

Front 13

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 13

Opposet of Generalization. Occurs when in organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond the same to new stimuli that are similar to the orginal stiumuls. (How animals determine good food from poisenous)

Front 14

Higher order conditioning

Back 14

a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus. (You pair the bell to the meat powder and the red light to the bell, the dog will create saliva at the red light. The bell is now acting as a unconditioned stimulus).

Front 15

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 15

the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Front 16

Acquisition

Back 16

the initial stage of learning somthing.

Front 17

Extinction

Back 17

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency. (this happens by only presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. Bell but no meat).

Front 18

Instrumental Learning (what is it, who introduced it?)

Back 18

Introduced by Thorndyke. Responses are instrumental in obtaining some desired outcome. cornerstone to Skinner's theory.

Front 19

Law of effect

Back 19

By Thorndyke. if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.

Front 20

Operate Conditioning (who is it by, what did it do)

Back 20

Operate Conditioning is by Skinner. It is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their conseqences.

Front 21

Classical Vs. Operate Conditioning

Back 21

Classical conditioning is all based off of reflexes, while Operate conditioning is based off of voluntary choices in order to avoid consequences.

Front 22

Reinforcement

Back 22

Occurs when an event following a response increases an organisms tendecy to make that response.

Front 23

Primary reinforcers

Back 23

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs (food, water warmth, sex)

Front 24

Secondary, or conditional reinforcers

Back 24

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary refinforcers (depends on learning, money, good grades, flattery, praise, and applause.

Front 25

Law of Pratice

Back 25

(by thorndyke) the more frequently behavior is followed by a pleasurable outcome it is more likely they will do it again.

Front 26

Continuous reinforcement

Back 26

Occurs when every instance of a designated response in reinforced.

Front 27

Intermittent or Partial reinforcement

Back 27

Occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Front 28

Positive Reinforcement

Back 28

Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus (Mouse presses lever, mouse gets food)

Front 29

Negative Reinforcement

Back 29

Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant stimulus). (Mouse presses lever, electric floor gets turned off).

Front 30

Positive Punishment

Back 30

Somthing is given to the subject when they do somthing they shouldn't (mouse presses lever, electric floor turns on) (child misbehaves, they must clean room.)

Front 31

Negative Punishment

Back 31

Somthing is taken away when a subject does somthing wrong, or when the behavior needs to stop (Child misbehaves, they get grounded)(Mouse presses lever, they get their food taken away).

Front 32

Fixed Ratio schedule of Reinforcement

Back 32

The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non reinforced responses (a rat is given food after the press the lever 10 times) (sales person given bonus after they sell four products).

Front 33

Variable Ratio Schedule

Back 33

the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non reinforced responses. (the number of times the mouse presses the lever varies when they get a response) (commission sales)

Front 34

fixed interval schedule

Back 34

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed (a rat is given reinforcemtn after the lever is pressed in two minute intervals). (Hourly wage, you have to wait the whole hour to get paid).

Front 35

Variable Interval Schedule

Back 35

the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed (a rat is reinforced for the first level press after one minute, but the following intervals are different such as two minutes or four minutes) (On salery pay)

Front 36

Observational learning (social learning theory) (who and what?)

Back 36

by Bandura. Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who they call models.

Front 37

Four Key Processes to Banduras learning

Back 37

(ARRM) Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation.

Front 38

Three principles of memory

Back 38

(ISR)

Encoding: you store that information in a languge.

Storage: Gets put away maintains coded info

Retrieval: Recovering the information.

Front 39

Storage and Transfer theory of Memory (four stages)

Back 39

1. Sensory Memory (very short, only remembering the first 3-5 seconds of a song)

2. Short Term Memory (15-30 seconds) (remembering a phone number)

3. Long term memory (4-6 hours) Consolidates during sleep)

4. Working Memory (mostly long term, some short term, pull it up, and put it back).

Front 40

People involved in the theory of storage and transfor model of memory.

Back 40

Atkinson and Shifersen

Front 41

Levels of depth of processing model of memory (three levels)

Back 41

1. Shallow - structural encoding, physical structure (is the word written in caps?)

2. Intermediate processing - Phonemic encoding, sounds like (does the word rhyme with X)

3. Deep Processing - Somantic encoding, emphasizes the meaning (would the word fit into the sentence X).

Front 42

people involved in depth of processing model of memory

Back 42

Craick, lockhart, and tolving

Front 43

flashbulb memories

Back 43

Powerful emotionally charged memories of momentous events, you never forget them (airplane running into towers).

Front 44

Serial Position effect (primary and recency)

Back 44

In a series, we remember beginings and endings but not middle of series. Primary means we remember the begining recency means you remember the last thing you heard.

Front 45

Chunking

Back 45

memorization of unrelated items in a list (to-do list, get groceries, stop for gas, etc)

Front 46

Clustering

Back 46

Memory for related items (dairy products to get, eggs, milk etc).

Front 47

mnemonic

Back 47

something intended to assist the memory, as a verse or formula. (rhyme or somthing intended to help the memory)

Front 48

Conceptional Heiarchy

Back 48

Multi-level classification System (family tree)

Front 49

Schema

Back 49

Organized cluster of knowlage (spider web)

Front 50

Somantic Networks.

Back 50

Pathways that link connected concepts (several spider webs that can be linked together in one way or another... EX all the models were made in forign countries)

Front 51

Tip of the Tongue Phenomena

Back 51

Can't find the word (Right side of brain sees picture, left side can't place the word).

Front 52

Theories of Forgetting (3)

Back 52

1. Decay - they don't use it, we lose it.

2. Interference - Somthing gets in the way (Proactive - new memory) (retroactive - old memory)

3. Unconious motivatied forgetting - repression.

Front 53

Proactive and Retroactive

Back 53

Pro- New
Retro old
active-memory

Front 54

The Forgetting Curve (who and what?)

Back 54

By EbbingHaus. Graphs retention and forgetting over time.

Front 55

Retention

Back 55

the proportion of material retained (remembered)

Front 56

Recall

Back 56

measure of retention requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues.

Front 57

Recognition

Back 57

measure of retention which rquires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options.

Front 58

Amnesia (Two kinds)

Back 58

1. organic - Somthing physical caused it

2. Psycogenic(You caused it through reppression)

Front 59

Antegrade amnesia

Back 59

Loss of memory from point of injury forward.

Front 60

Retrograde

Back 60

Loss of memory before incident or disease.

Front 61

Procederal Memory

Back 61

Type of Long Term Memory - for a procedure, like riding a bike.

Front 62

Declaritive Memory

Back 62

Written memory, such as books of the bible, or versus.

Front 63

Episodic Memory

Back 63

Memory that is personal, time focused, and has emotion connected to it (that one time in 6th grade...)

Front 64

Samantic Mmeory

Back 64

The "Aha!" moment after thinking really hard about a problem.

Front 65

Shaping

Back 65

reinforce barely of what behavior is gonna look like (EX. trying to teach the chicken to go in a circle.. reinforce every step of the way)