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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sensory memory
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processes external stimuli conciously
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encoding
storage retrieval |
processed information into our working memory
maintaining information in memory recovering information from memory |
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working memory aka:
by who |
short term memory
aktinson and shiffrin |
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further processing working memory encodes it into ____
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long term memory
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automatic processing
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unconcious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and well learned information, such as word meanings
process information unconciously (YELLOW, BLUE) |
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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rehearsal
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conscious repetition of information, either to maintain conciousness or to encode it for storage
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chunking
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grouping information into something meaningful
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next in line effect
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we recall peoples names who state them most recently because we focus on our own performance
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how good is memory retained when processed right before sleep
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poorly
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how well is information retained when learned about an hour before sleep
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very well
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listening to taped information
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no information is retained
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spacing effect
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distributed study or practice yields better long term retention
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primary effect
middle items recency effect =? |
recalled ok
not recalled recalled well serial position effect |
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visual encoding
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encoding of picture images
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acoustic encoding
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encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
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semantic encoding
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encoding of meaning (ie of a poem) (including the meaning of words)
yields the best memory |
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self reference effect
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we remember adjectives that describe ourselves well
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effects of learning meaningful information
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retained better
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imagery
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mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing
makes information unique and stand out |
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retrospection
developers |
recalling extremely high and low moments in life
thompson + peterson |
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mnemonics
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memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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acronyms
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effective way of chunking
roy g biv |
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donatelli
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chunked numbers into meaningful sets
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iconic memory
developer |
momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image lasting no longer than a few tenths of a second
sperling |
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echoic memory
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momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, information can still be recalled for 3 or 4 seconds
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hierarchies (ch 25)
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dividing information into organized levels
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short term memory
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low capacity
store information for about 20 seconds |
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sensory memory
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high capacity
holds information for less than a second |
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long term memory
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relativley permanent storage of memory
unlimited capacity |
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atkinson, shiffrin model for memory
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sensory, short term, long term memory
pay attention to, reharsal |
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storing memory
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memory is not stored in specific parts of the brain
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kandel schwartz experiment
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examined caifornia sea snail, determined that seratonin was released
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long term potentiation
who |
increase is a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.
gary lynch-basis of learning |
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potential drugs that can stimulate memory retention
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CREB, glutamate
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amygdala
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emotion processing clusters in the limbic system boost activity in the brains memory forming areas
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strong emotions vs weak emotions
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strong emotions form strong memories that are hard to forget
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prolonged stress=
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corrodes neural connections and shrinking the hippocampus
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amnesia
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the loss of memory
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implicit vs explicit memory
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retention independent of conciouis recollection
memory of facts and experiences that one can can conciously know and declare |
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hippocampus
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helps process explicit memories for storage
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memories of the past activate what part of the brain
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frontal, temporal lobes
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cerrebelum
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forms and stores information implicit memories created by classical conditioning
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recall
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measure of memory where a person must retrieve information learned earlier
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recognition
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a measure of memory in which a person need identify previous items
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relearning
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memory mesaure that asseses time saved from learning something a second time.
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retrevial cues
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anchor points you can use to access the target information when you want to retrieve it later
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priming
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the activation, often unconciously, or particular associations in memory
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godden baddeley experiment
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learned that divers who learned information under water recalled more words when tested in same place
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deja vu
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cues from current situation may subconciously triger retrevial of an earlier experience
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emotions and memory
state dependent memory |
recall information best when in the same moode
depressed, drunk people dont remember anything in any state |
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mood congruent memory
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tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad moodee
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unitized sets of features
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social, factual, moode
recalling different aspects on an event |
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schemas
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several pieces of information tightly held together
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elaborate rehearsal
maintenance rehersal |
critically thinking about information vs rehearsing information shallowly
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tolvings long term memory
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DECLARATIVE
-episodic: i remember -semantic: i know PROCEDURAL: ex- recipes anoetic memory |
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stochastic independence
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remember episodic but now semantic
remember semantic but not procedural |
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peg word system
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requires that you remember a jingle to use words to recall what you want to remembers
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method of loci
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remember long passages by visualizing going through a location .
use visual cues |
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three sins of forgetting
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absent mindedness
transience blocking |
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three sins of disortion
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missatribution
suggestibility bias |
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one sin of intrusion
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persistance
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can age effect encoding efficency
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yes
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forgetting curve
who |
rapid drop in retention that later levels off
ebbinghaus |
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proactive interference
retroactive interference jenkins + dallenbach experiment |
something learned earlier disrupts something learned later
something you presently learn earlier disrupts memory of something later those who slept after learning material retained it better |
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interference
decay |
learning new information makes other information in memory harder to find
memory simply fades over time if not rehearsed |
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cue dependent memory
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information is still in memory, but we cant find it becuase of the wrong cues
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failure to encode information
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failure to commit info to memory
not paying attention never gets into system |
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frueds theory of repression
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we intentionally supress tragic memories
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positive transfer
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when old and new information compete with each other that forgetting occurs
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elizabeth loftus experiment
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two cars hitting each other, how fast were they going when the SMASHED or HIT
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misinformation effect
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incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event
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DRM procedure
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remembering things that didnt happen
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source amnesia
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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced. heart of many false memories
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suggestive questioning
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causes source amnesia
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coginition
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mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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concepts
examples |
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
ball, angry |
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prototype
ex |
mental image or best example of a category,
bird |
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searching for solution: random
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just trying things
slow process errors |
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searching for solution:
algorithim |
methodical, logical rule or procedure that garuntees solving a particular problem
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searching for solution:
hueristics |
simple thinking strategy that often allows us to ake judgments and solve problems efficiently
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insight
where this brain activity occurs |
sudden and novel realization to a problem
right temporal lobe, above ear |
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confirmation bias
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we rather look for information that confirms our answers rather than reject it.
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fixation
mental set functional fixedness |
inability to see a problem in a fresh perspective
thinking of problem in an obvious way using tools only in their intended way- non creative |
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representativeness heuristics
developers |
we choose things that appear more likeable
kahneman + tversky |
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availability heuristic
developers |
estimating the likleyhood of events based on their availability in our minds
kahneman + tversky |
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gamberstallary
developers |
people who are losing think they are going to win
people who are winning think they will continue to win kahnemn + tversky |
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overconfidence
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we become confident of our answers even if they are wrong
we look for confirmation in what we believe if making a public commitment, it is very hard to change our statements |
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framing
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they way an issue is posed; how an issue can signficantly affect decisions and judgements
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belief bias
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tendency for ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes making invalid conclusions
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belief perserverance
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clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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hierarchies
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subdivisions of already existing categories
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forming concepts by def
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set characteristics
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language
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spoken, written, or signed words
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phoneme
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smallest distintive sound unit
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morpheme
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smallest unit that carries meaning
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grammar
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rules that enables us to communicate and understand others.
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semantics
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set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, and words in a given language
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syntax
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rules of combining words
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skinner and operant learning
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we can explan language development with familiar learning principles: association, imitation, and reinforcement
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correlation between age and ability to learn a language
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harder as older
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age and language conclusion
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when a young brain does not learn any language, its language learning capacity never fully develops
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process in which children acquire language
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babbling
one word two word telegraphic speech |
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overgeneralizing language
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applying rules that dont work
petted, holded |
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linguistic determinism
developer |
whards hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
different words for similar meanings |
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bilingual advantage
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children who know two languages are better at inhibiting their attention to irrelevant information
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chomsky
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tense errors
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language aquisition device
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language switch box
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language's effects on thinking
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thinking affects our language, which affects our thought
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animals ability to speak
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they form concepts
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when does non useful language dissapear
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end of babbling stage
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do animals know language?
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no, only humans can master verbal or signed expression of complex rules of syntax
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theory of mind
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when retrieving food, humans prefer someone who witnesses it being hidden
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intelligence
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ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
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intelligence and reification
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viewing an abstact immaterial concepts as if it were a concrete thing
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factor analysis
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procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.
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general intelligence (g)
developer |
general intelligence factors that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligenct test
charles spearman |
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LL thurstone
is there a correlation |
intelligence is made up of 7 abilities
-word fluency -verbal comprehension -spatial ability -perceptual speed -numerical ability -inductive reasong -memory yes, a small g factor |
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howard gardner
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intelligence comes in different forms (8 types of intelligence)
-linguistic -musical -body-kinistetic -interpsersonal -logical, mathematical -spatial -intrapersonal -naturalist |
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savant syndrome & howard gardner
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someone can be retarded in all areas except for one, which they excel in
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robert sternberg
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3 kinds of intelligences
-analytical -creative intelligence -practical intelligence |
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emotional intelligence
gardners criticism |
ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions
it is a skill rather than an intelligence |
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creativity
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ability to produce ideas that are novel and valuable
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sternberg's 5 factors of creativity
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expertise: well developed knowledge base
imaginative thinking: ability to see things in new ways adventuresome personality: seek new experiences rather than following the pack intrinsic motivation: motivated to be creative within creative environment: creativity blooms in a creative and supportive environment |
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measuring intelligence through brain anatomy
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neural plasticity- ability during childhood and adolescence to adapt and grow neural connections in repsonse to their environment
highly educated people have more brain synapses |
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intelligence and perceptual speed
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intelligent people tend to have slightly faster reaction times
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convergent vs divergent thinking
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intelligence test solutions vs imaginative thinking
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motivation
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need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal
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instinct
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complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a spieces and is unlearned
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drive reduction theories
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physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
(the wanting to satisfy a need) |
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homeostasis
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tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
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incentives
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a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
smell of food, threat of dissaproval |
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needs (push or pull
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push
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optimum arousal
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aim not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels or arousal
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Abraham maslow
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hierarchy of needs
physiological safety belongingness and love needs esteem needs self actualization needs |
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washburn experiment
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balloon in stomach: stomach contractions send signals to the brain making us aware of hunger
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tsang experiment
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removal of the stomach does not eliminate hunger= there are other bodily functions that signal hunger
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insulin and glucose
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an increase in insulin reduces glucose levels, signaling hunger
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in what part of the brain is hunger brought on by?
in what part of the brain is hunger supressed? |
lateral hypothalamus
ventromedial hypothalamus |
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orexin increase by ___ causes ____ hunger
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hypothalamus/increases
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gherlin increase by ___ causes ___hunger
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stomach/increases
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insulin increase by ___ causes ___ hunger
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pancrease/ incresed
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letpin increase by____ causes ____ hunger
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fat cells/decreases
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PYY increase by ____ causes ___ hunger
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digestive tract/decreases
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set point theory
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the body's weight thermostat regulated by the hypothalamus
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basal metabolic rate
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rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when the body is at rest
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memory and hunger
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remembering when we last ate has an effect on hunger
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taste preference
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body chemistry and environmental factors together influence not only when we feel hungry but also what we feel hungry for
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hot cultures like hot spices
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hotter climates use spices for bacteria control
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what we crave when feeling tense
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cabs: boost level of seretonin, which has calming effects
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anorexia nervosa
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normal weight person continues to lose weight while still feeling fat
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bulimia nervosa
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episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise.
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obesity
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excessivley overweightness which can lead to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and back problems
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reasons for eating disorders
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family
genetics cultural |
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emotions
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repsonse of the whole organism involving
1. physiological arousal 2. expressive behaviors 3. conscious experience |
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james lange theory
+/- |
see bear > specific physiological reaction > cognitive appraisal
+ spinal cord injuries +behavior feedback hypothesis +brain reactions may be uniqe -physiological reactions are the autonomic level are the same |
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canon bard theory
+ |
see bear >> physiological reaction along with fear/emotional response
+physiological reactions at autonomic level are not unique |
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shacter singer theory of emotion
two factor theory experiment |
see bear > physiological reaction + cognitive label > fear
to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitivley label the arousal epinephrine shot- explaining emotions to drugs and not giving it a cognitive label |
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emotions and autonomic nervous system
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sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (non arousing)responses to situations
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different emotions and brain activity
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differnt amygdala stimulation= fear or anger
depressed people experience more right prefrontal cortex activity happines- left frontal lobe physiological brain differnces help explain why we experience stimuli so differently |
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arousal and congnition
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arousal fuels emotion- cognition channels it
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current view of emotional responses
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direct path towards fear, and appraisal of situation before fear
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under what level of arousal do we best perform activities?
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moderate arousal in order to not be nervous but also alert
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cognitive appraisal
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emotions are effected by what/how we think of something
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spillover effect
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previous arousal can enhance or reduce current arousals
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guilty knowledge test
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ask a suspect information he would only know if he were at the scene of the crime
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we read fear and anger mostly from the ___ and happiness from the ____
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eyes, mouth
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introverts vs extroverts
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introverts do better at reading minds while extraverts are themselves easier to read
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physically abused childern detect ___ as ___
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anger and fear
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judith hall's findings
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women are better than men at reading people's emotional cues
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are women or men defined as being more empathetic?
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women
empathy- putting yourself into someones shoes |
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gestures and cultures
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gestures' meanings vary by culture
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how did our ancestors survive without communicating through words
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conveyed emotions through body language
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emotion is best understand not only as a biological and cognitive function,but also a __ __ ___
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social-cultural phenonmeon
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william james
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facial expressions can induce certain moodes by simply acting them out
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behavior feedback
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going through certain kinds of emotions awakens certain motions
(ex. walking depressed or walking happy) |
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facial feedback hypothesis
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we amplify emotions by activating muscles associated with certain states
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americans vs japanese and emotion expression
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japanese tend to hide their expressions more
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feigned smiles vs genunie smiles
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made more abruptly, last longer
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