Psyc Test 2

Front 1

differences between properties that is needed to notice a difference

Back 1

just noticeable difference

Front 2

point at which stimulus is strong enough to be noticed

Back 2

absolute threshold

Front 3

study of the relationship between physical events and the experience of those events; detecting signals

Back 3

psychophysics

Front 4

when perception doesn't accurately represent the world

Back 4

illusions

Front 5

the act of organizing & interpreting sensory inputs as signaling a particular object or event

Back 5

perception

Front 6

the awareness of properties of an object of event when a sensory receptor is stimulated

Back 6

sensation

Front 7

circular muscle that adjusts the pupil

Back 7

iris

Front 8

opening through which light passes

Back 8

pupil

Front 9

part of the eye that has highest density of cones

Back 9

fovea

Front 10

(100 - 120 million)
- very sensitive to light
- only register shades of gray

Back 10

rods

Front 11

marks that have a single shape

Back 11

good form

Front 12

when an object or quality looks the same even tho the sense info striking the eye changes

Back 12

perceptual constancy

Front 13

seeing the object as the same when viewed at different distances

Back 13

size constancy

Front 14

seeing objects as having the same shape even when the image on the retina changes

Back 14

shape constancy

Front 15

seeing object as having same color in diff viewing situations

Back 15

color constancy

Front 16

(5-6 million)
-sensitive to particular wave lengths
-allows color vision

Back 16

cones

Front 17

when the muscles adjust the shape of the lens so that it focuses light on the retina from objects at different distances

Back 17

accomodation

Front 18

exposure to darkness causes the eye to become more sensitive, allowing for better dark vission

Back 18

dark adaption

Front 19

eye contains 3 kinds of color sensors (yellow, green, & violet)

Back 19

trichromatic theory

Front 20

one color inhibits another
red/green
yellow/blue
black/white

Back 20

opponent process

Front 21

image left behind by previous perception

Back 21

after image

Front 22

a defect in the curvature of the cornea

Back 22

astigmatism

Front 23

a stimulus will be precieved as seperated

Back 23

figure-ground

Front 24

things tend to be grouped together

Back 24

proximity

Front 25

lines that are straight or groovy are grouped together

Back 25

continuity

Front 26

marks that kind of look alike

Back 26

similarity

Front 27

sheet of tissue at the back of the eye containing cells that convert light to nueral impulses

Back 27

retina

Front 28

transparent covering that focuses light on the back of the eye

Back 28

cornea

Front 29

Hypnogogic - first 5 mins. of sleep; falling or floating

Back 29

stage 1: Beta

Front 30

sleep spindles - bursts of brain activity

less response - lasts 20 mins

Back 30

stage 2: Alpha

Front 31

body temp goes down - not easyily woken up. 30 mins.

Back 31

stage 3: Theta

Front 32

deep sleep - heart rate goes down - body temp goes down to the lowest

Back 32

stage 4: Delta

Front 33

marked brain activity. heart rate up and body temp up

Back 33

REM sleep - rapid eye movement

Front 34

functions of REM

Back 34

-memory consolidation
-clearing of unecessary memories
-dreams

Front 35

-occurs in stage 4 sleep
-person is not conscious

Back 35

sleep walking

Front 36

-vivid, disturbing dreams that occur in REM sleep
-more frequent when people are under emotional stress

Back 36

nightmares

Front 37

-common among boys 3-7
-occur in stage 3&4 sleep
-chils appears to be awake; sweating eyes open
-child has no memory of it
-can not be woken up

Back 37

night terrors

Front 38

-common esp among children
-the talker often makes no sense, but sometimes speaks or even shouts

Back 38

sleep talking

Front 39

-involves brain abnormality
-person suddenly falls into REM
-sleep with out warning

Back 39

narcolepsy

Front 40

lose all control of muscle (5-20 mins)

Back 40

cataplexy

Front 41

always sleepy

Back 41

extreme sleepiness

Front 42

cant move when 1st fall asleep

Back 42

sleep paralysis

Front 43

hallucinations

Back 43

hypnagogic

Front 44

dangerous condition where the person stops breathing while asleep

Back 44

sleep apnea

Front 45

-impairment in functioning due to inability to sleep
-one major cause is worry about having it

Back 45

insomnia

Front 46

-always tired
-non-REM sleep
-hard to wake

Back 46

hypersomnia

Front 47

a type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that causes a reflexive behavior and, in time, is sufficent to produce that behavior

Back 47

classical condition

Front 48

elicits an unconditioned response w/o prior learning

Back 48

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Front 49

is a reflective response elicited by a particular stimulus

Back 49

unconditioned response (UR)

Front 50

is a neutral stimulus that acquires significance through the conditioning of repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus

Back 50

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 51

is a response that depends or is conditional on pairings of the conditioned stimulus w. an unconditioned stimulus; once learned the CR occurs when the CS is presented alone

Back 51

conditioned response (CR)

Front 52

emotionally charged response elicited by a neutral stimulus

Back 52

conditioned emotional response

Front 53

learn to avoid negative stimulus

Back 53

avoidance learning

Front 54

Little Albert

Back 54

conditioned phobias

Front 55

father of behaviorism

Back 55

John Watson

Front 56

process by which a behavior becomes associated with a consequence

Back 56

operant conditioning

ex.- tantrums

Front 57

actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated

Back 57

law of effect

Front 58

process by which consequences lead to increase the likely hood of a response

Back 58

reinforcement

Front 59

if presented increases a response

Back 59

positive reinforcement

Front 60

removal of something unpleasant but still increase of behavior

Back 60

negative reinforcement

Front 61

a negative or unpleasant eventas a consequence of a behavior

Back 61

punishment

Front 62

undesired consequence decreases the likely hood of reaccurence

Back 62

positive punishment

Front 63

behavior leads to the removal of an unpleasant event

Back 63

negative punishment

Front 64

effective punishment

Back 64

-swift
-consistent
-appropriately aversive

Front 65

things we need (water, food)

Back 65

primary reinforces

Front 66

things we want

Back 66

secondary reinforces

Front 67

used to change beavior

Back 67

behavior modification

Front 68

given after each response

Back 68

continous reinforcement

Front 69

interval

Back 69

partial reinforcement

Front 70

given after a fixed period of time

Back 70

fixed interval

Front 71

given for a response emitted after a variable interval of time

Back 71

variable interval

Front 72

given after a fixed ratio or certain number of responses

Back 72

fixed ratio

Front 73

mixed up; given after a variable ratio of responses

Back 73

variable ratio