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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is I/O Psychology?
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Industrial-organizational psychology is the scientific study of human behavior, cognition, and emotion in the workplace.
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Domains of I/O
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Selection
Performance evaluation Assessment/Psychometrics Compensation Training Motivation Organizational Culture Teams Job Satisfaction Leadership |
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Hugo Munstererg
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German, Harvard
Measures abilities of workers and tied that to performance* Used staticsics to analyze results of his studies* First I/O textbook, psychology and Industrial Efficiency, 1912* |
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James McKeen Cattell
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One of the first to see importance of individual differences in predicting behavior *
○ Others saw difference between people as error * ○ Cattell recgnized these differences had reliable properties * ○ Therefore, they can be studied and tested * |
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Walter Dill Scott and Walter Van Dyke Bingham
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• Carnegie Institute
• Methods to select and train salespeople • WWI offered to help with testing and placement of one million army recruits • Stanford-Binet* ○ Intelligence tests designed for testing individuals ○ Adapted for mass testing • New test known as the Army Alpha Test * • Army Beta similar to Army Alpha test but for troops who were illiterate * |
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Frederick Taylor
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• Scientific Management *
○ Improve efficiency ○ Scientific study of tasks ○ Methodically train employees, instead of letting them train themselves ○ "one best way" ○ Break job into components and measure time each component took ○ Reduced need for experienced workers • The Principles of Scientific Management* • One of the first management consultants |
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Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
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• Engineers and management consultants
• Expanded on scientific mangement • Time and motion studies * ○ Bricklaying ○ Household chores • Therblig - a basic motion that is part of a task * ○ Search ○ Find ○ Select ○ Grasp ○ Hold ○ Position ○ Assemble |
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Elton Mayo
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• Every Obsession *
○ Results from repetitive, boring work. Typical in factories ○ Believed this would result in unhappy, unproductive workers • Hawthorne Studies * ○ Studied productivity by altering a variety of variables (lighting, rest breaks, work hours) ○ Unexpected results ○ Discovered Hawthorn Effect § People behave differently when being observed • Human relations Movement * ○ More interested in motivation and emotions ○ More human-centered |
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WWII
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• Army General Classification Tests
○ Used to assign ~12 million soldiers into military jobs • The Office of Strategic Services' (OSS) Situational Stress Tests* ○ US Intelligence Agency (precursor to CIA) ○ Assessment center highly successful for identifying best candidates to be OSS agents ○ Innovative assessment methods used § Pencil and paper test as well as exercises ○ Original basis for assessment center techniques of today |
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Goals of Science
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○ Description: what?
○ Understanding: How? Why? ○ Prediction: How will it happen in the future? ○ Control: how can we change it? |
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Purpose of Science:
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○ Way of learning about the world
○ Systematic method of truth seeking ○ Allows challenging of ideas ○ Knowledge grows over time as each discovery builds on the last ○ Attempt to objectively gather information |
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Scientific Method
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○ Develop a theory
○ Develop hypotheses about the theory ○ Test the hypotheses ○ Analyze the results ○ Replicate the results or ○ Modify the theory |
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Testing Hypotheses
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○ Develop a study to test the hypothesis
○ Empiricism: Knowledge is gained trough experience § Observation, measurement, and experiment ○ Theory: Symmetrical facioal features more attractive § Hypothesis: Models will have more symmetrical features than the average population § Study? ○ Theory: Power motive and leadership § Hypothesis: leaders rating high on the CRT-: will have greater revenues than leaders rating low on the CRT-L |
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Bias
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• Not as objective as it seems
○ What data were collected? ○ What data were included in the analysis? ○ What techniques were used for analysis? § Conservative vs. liberal ○ How were the results interpreted? |
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3 rules of causality
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3 rules of causality
○ The two variables most covary ○ The variable proposed to be the cause must precede the other variable in time ○ There must be no plausible alternative explanation |
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Types of Data
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Qualitative
Quantitative |
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Quantitative
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○ Hard data, objective, quantifiable
○ Test scores, bio-data, attendance, revenue |
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Qualitative
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○ Descriptive
○ Interviews, case studies ○ Ex. Observing executive candidates on the job |
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Categories of Experimental Design
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• Experimental design
○ Participants assigned to conditions randomly ○ Ex. New drug study, placebo, control, treatment groups • Quai-experimental Design ○ Participants are NOT randomly assigned to conditions ○ Ex. Test new training program in two branches of a bank • Non-experimental design ○ No assignment of participants to conditions ○ Pre-existing situation ○ Ex. Achievement motive and satisfaction with team learning |
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• Experimental Control
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○ Attempting to eliminate the effect of variables that you are not interested in through research design
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• Statistical control
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○ Using statistics to control for variables that are not of interest
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• Longitudinal design
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○ Looking at the variables of interest across time
○ Comparing the individual or group to itself over time ○ Ex. Cohort effects |
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• Cross-sectional design
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○ Looking at multiple individuals or groups at one point in time
○ Snapshots, cross section ○ Ex. Comparing SAT scores on high school boys and girls |
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statistical significance
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likelihood that results did not offur by chance.
defined in terms of probabilty statement significance level set at alpha = .05 means prob that outcome occurred by chance is .05 |
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statistical power
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likelihood in finding a statistically significant difference when true difference exists
abilty to detect true differences |
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factors that affect statistical power
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p-value
sample size magnitude of effect |
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statistical significance vs practical significance
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practical = magnitude of difference that we care about.
with enough power, any difference can be statistically significant. not necessarily equal |
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meta-analysis
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combining results from many studies to draw a general conclusion
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factors influencing meta-analytic results
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what studies were included?
were file drawer studies included statistical artifacts characteristics of a particular study that distort the results statistical techniques used for analysis |
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cross-level analysis
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studying a relationship on more than one level
*micro research - individual behavior *macro research - group behavior *meso research = interaction of individual and group behaviour *factor to concider = group membership |
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Types of Reliability
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Test-Retest
Equivalent forms Internal Consistancy Inter-Rater reliability |
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Generaliziability Theory
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Simultaniously conciders all types of error in reliability estimates
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Validity
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whether measurments taken accurately and completely represent what is to be measured
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predictor
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test used to forcast other variables
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criterion
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out come variable
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validity coefficient
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correlation between the predictor and criterion
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Relationship of reliability to validity
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Reliability sets upper bound of validity
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Types of validity
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Criterion Related
Content related construct related face |
