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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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freud and free association
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method to explore the unconcious where person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrasing
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psychoanalysis
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frueds theory:
thoughts and actions are attributed to unconcious motives and conflicts. treatment= exposing + interpret these unconcious tensions |
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unconcious (freud and contemporary psychologists)
preconcious area |
frued- resovior of uunacceptable thoughts, feelings, and emotions
cont- information processing of which we are unaware area where info is stored temporarily where we can bring them back to memory |
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id
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primitive feelings where people want to satisfy unconcious, biological feelings for instant satisfactions and gratification
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ego
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contact with reality
negogiates with superego + id satisfy needs in a socially acceptable way |
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superego
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morality, cultural rules
do the right things |
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psychosexual stages
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child development stages where id seeks pleasure seeking energies from distinct zones
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oral stage
def time |
pleasure centers on mouth (sucking, biting, chewing)
0-2 years |
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anal stage
def time |
bowel, bladder movement. demands for control
2-3 years |
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phallic stage
def time |
pleasure zone is the genetials. coping with incestuous sexual feelings
3-6 years |
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latency stage
def time |
dormant sexual feelings
6 to puberty |
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genital stage
def time |
maturation of sexual interests
puberty on |
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freuds psycholsexual stage acronym
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OAPLG
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oedipus complex
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boys defense for his mother
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identification connected to child personality development
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stage where parents' values are incorporated into a childs superego
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fixate
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lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at a psychosexual stage that is unresolved
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defense mechanisms
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egos protective methods of reducing anxiety and distorting reality
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repressions
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banishing anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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regression
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anxiety leads to a return to an infintle psycholsexual stage
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reaction formation
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express the opposite of feelings that are causing anxiety
i love him vs i hate him |
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projection
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people attribute their own threatening impulses to others
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rationalization
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a self-justifying explination for something that threatening that happens to them
bad grades to bad teacher |
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displacement
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shifting anger of someone to an object, a safer outlet (beating up a doll)
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identification
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forming an alliance with people with same views
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alfred adler and karen horney
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social, not sexual tensions are critical in personality formation
conquer childhood feelings of inferiority for power penis envy |
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carl jung
collective unconscious |
common resovior of images derived from our species universal experiences= similar myths and images + spiritual concerns in differnt cultures
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projective tests
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personality tests, such as Rorscharch or TAT that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics
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murray and the thematic apperception test
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people view ambiguous pictures and make up stories
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rorscharch inblok test
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analyzation of peoples feelings by their interpretation of the inkblots
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terror management theory
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faith in ones worldview + pursuit of self esteem is caused by a rooted fear of death
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personality
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individual characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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freuds analysis of dreams
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thought this was a window into the past
dreams only make sense of the present |
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freuds analysis of hypnosis
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doesnt work. people make stuff up if they cant remember the truth
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maslow and self actualization
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the process of fufilling our potential after all other needs have been met
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carl rogers 3 growth conditions
uncoditional positive regard |
genuineness, accceptance, empathy
attitude of total acceptance |
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problems with maslow and rogers, and what they actually influence
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no scientific evidence
influence therapy |
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freuds theory of repression
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suppressing painful memories, proven not true
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sigmund freud studied the
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unconcious processes
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humanistic theorists have been criticized for
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underestimating the bad of society
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people who fall short of an ideal self concept experience...
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a neg self concept
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traits
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characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assesed by individual inventories and peer reports
peoples characteristic behaviors and concious motives |
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isabel briggs meyers exam
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myers briggs type indicator
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traits and factor analysis
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identify clusters of related items (excitement + jokes = extraversion)
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personality and brain chemistry/genetics (MAO)
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MAO- excitement neurotransmitter
extroverts: lower MAO levels, need more stimulation introverts: higher MAO levels, need less stimulation |
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personality inventories
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questionaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors to asses several traits at once
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minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
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surverys abnormal personality tendencies, but still illusrates a good way of developing a personality inventory.
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emperically derived test
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test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
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McCrae and Costa
the big 5 |
CANOE
concientiousness agreeableness neuroticism openess extraversion |
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person-situation controversy
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we look for genunine personality traits that occur over time AND situations
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epstein and averagness of personality
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average outgoingness, happiness, or carelessness over many situations is predictable
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traits and preferences
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affect our helath, thinking, and job performance
music preferences dorm room and offices personal websites |
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social cognitive perspective
bandura |
behavior influenced by the interaction between person (and their thinking) and their social context
persons and the situations work together. |
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reciprocal determinism
bandura people choices of environments, howe we interpet events and react |
interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
we are both the products and architects of our environments |
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personal control
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sense of being controlling or controlled by our environment
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external locus of control
internal locus of control |
perception that environment controls fate
percpetion that we control our own fate |
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learned helplessness
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hopelessness ans passive resignation we larned when unable to repeatedly avoid aversive events
uncontrollable bad events>>percieved lack of control>>generalized helpless behavior |
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tyrrany of choice
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too many choices makes us feel uneasy
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attributional style
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attriubting poor perfoamnce to lack of ability or something beyond their control
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conclusion on how to percieve oneself
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with modest confidence
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spotlight effect
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overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance
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self serving bias
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readiness to percieve oneself favorably
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self esteem and violence
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people with high self esteems will be more protective of their image
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being subtly strategic
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no one likes me >> not everyone has met you
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preparing for failure
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coach making losses understandable and victories notable
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old self perspective
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chump yesterday, chAmp today
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defensive self esteem
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focusing on sustaining oneself, which makes failures and criticism feel threatening
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secure self esteem
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accepting who we are
firm belief in one self, accepting our own shortcoming |
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barnum effect
how does psychology differ from horoscopes |
our tendency to believe genetic descriptions of people (palm reading)
reliability: same results through different tests validity: reinforce test results with real life decisions |
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excessive optimism risk
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can blind us to real risks
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self efficacy
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how much control we think we have over the environment. learned expectation of success
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walter michelle
competencies perceptions expectations values self regulation |
we have things we are good and bad at
how we see the environment do we think we can induce change what do we think is important how willing are we to put off small rewards for long term, bigger ones |
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psychological disorders
3 Ds |
deviant (to culture), disstressful (to self or others), and dysfunctional (makes it hard to carry out everyday activities) beavioral patterns
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variations in classyfying disorders
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vary by culture and time
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medical model
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concept that mental disorders can be diagnosed on basis of symptoms, and cured through therapy
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how disorders are classified and identified as
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DSM IV: diagnosis + statistical manual from american psychiatric association
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david rosenhan and labelling
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labelling people with a disorders causes peoeple to LOOK for problems
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correlation of poverty and disorders
social drift |
some poverty causes disorders (substance abuse, depression) and some disorcers cause poverty (schizophrenia)
poverty caused by mental disorder |
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anxiety disorders
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disorders characterized by distressing, persistant anxiety
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generalized anxiety disorder
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state of anxiety where person is apprehensive with no reason
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panic disorders
agorophobia |
disorders of short, intense dread of something
avoiding situations that are hard to escape when having an attack (being in a crowd) |
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depression and seratonin/dopamine
+ fatty acids |
a lack of these as well can cause depression
a lack of "good fats" causes depression |
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phobias
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anxiety disorder makred by persistant irrational fear and avoidance of specific items
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biopsychological approach
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all heavior is caused by genetics and experience
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depression and frontal lobe, hippocampus
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less frontal lobe activity, stress damages hippocampus
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+/- of diagnostic labels
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+ allows doctors to communicate about diseases
- label bias perceptions, change reality (influence self esteem) |
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OCD
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disorder characterized by unwanted repeptitive thoughts and actions
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PTSD
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haunting, lingering memories of traumatic events and experiences
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depresion and sociocultural events
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high societal exprectation, neg life events can induce depression
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post traumatic growth
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a developed greater apprectiation for life, more meaningful relationships
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shizophrenia
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disorder:
delusional thinking disturbed perceptions innaprporiate emotions/actions |
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sociocultural effects of anxiety disorders
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what we fear is augmented with a reminder of the trauma
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stimulus generlaization and fears
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a fear of heights results in a fear of flying even if they never have
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reinforcement and fears
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continually fearing something reinforces phobic behaviors
avoiding or escaping feared situation reduces anxiety, thus reinforcing phobic behavior |
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delusions
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false beliefs, often of persecution of granduer
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obervationval learning and fears
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we pass down what we fear to our offspring
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schiz and attention
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external stilumi distracts them
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natural selection and fears
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we humans seem biologically prepared for certain fears, and develop others
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genes and fear
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background contributes a little back, makes us more susceptible to certain diseases
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schiz and halucinations
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experiencing things that are not present (voices, smells)
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the brain and fear
autonomic nervous system GABA amygdala anterior cingulate cortex |
is it always on high alert?
fear reducing nuerotransmitter overactive amygdala=fear part of brain that checks for errors |
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learning and fears
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we calm our fears by doing things that make us feel better, reinforcing the phobic behavior
little albert |
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flat affect
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zombielike state of apparaent empathy
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major depressive disorder
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non-substance induced feeling that last ~ 2 weeks of feeling worthless and diminshed interest in activities
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dysthymia
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less sever depression that major depressive disorder, but last 2 + years
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mania
effects of mania |
mood disorders makred by a hyperactive, wildy optimistic state
reckless investements, unsafe sex |
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positive vs negative symptoms of schiz
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+: hallucinations, delusions, innapropriate behaviors
-: lack of expression, muteness, rigidness |
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bipolar
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disorder where person alternates between hopelessness and lethardgy of depression and mania
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depression and genes
linkage analysis assocation studies |
depression can run in the family
study depressed and noraml family members to see any DNA differences correlations between DNA and a population trait |
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schiz and dopamine
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high levels of dopamine cause high brain activities that may lead to delusions and hallucinations
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depression and norepinephrine
too much/too little |
arousal transmitter. a lack of it can cause depression
too much can cause mania |
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glutamate and schiz
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impaired glutamate activity affects the brains ability to communicate
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schiz and cerebral tissue
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shrinking of cortex + filling with fluid
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schiz and genetics
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disease can be passed on, abnormalities at birth raises risk
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schiz and viruses
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certain viruses raise the risk.
flu, densley populated areas, seasons |
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schiz and brain acitivity
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abnormal brain activity in frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala
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paranoid schizophrenia
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delusions + hallucinations
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disorganized schizophrenia
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impaired language
flat affect |
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catatonic schizophrenia
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immobility
excessive purposeless movement extreme negativism parrotlike repeating of anothers speech |
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undifferentinated schizophrenia
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many varied symptoms
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residual schizophrenia
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withdrawl, after hallucinations and delusions have dissapeared
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