Psyc Quiz 18, 21-24

Front 1

conciousness

Back 1

awareness of ourselves and the environment

Front 2

biological rythym is controlled by our...

Back 2

biological clock

Front 3

SAD

Back 3

seasonal affective disorder

Front 4

different biological rythyms

Back 4

menstraul cycle
90 minute cycle
24 hour cycle- circadian rythym

Front 5

superchiasmatic nucleus

Back 5

light triggers a decrease of melatonin (morning) and increase (night) from pineal gland

Front 6

90 minute sleep cycle

Back 6

5 stages/90 minutes

Front 7

brain activity during awakeness/alterness

Back 7

beta waves- when engaged in mental activity

alpha waves- during awakeness but no mental activity

Front 8

stage 1 sleep

Back 8

very light sleep

easily to be awaken

hypnogogic sensations (floating off bed, falling)

Front 9

stage 2 sleep

spend...

Back 9

slightly alert

theta waves

sleep spindles- bursts of rapid, rythmic brain wave activity

most time

Front 10

stage 3 sleep

Back 10

brain activity slows down

delta waves start

Front 11

stage 4 sleep

Back 11

increase of delta waves

deepest level of sleep

sleepwalking

Front 12

do we process information when asleep

Back 12

yes. ex: not falling out of bed

EEG recordings confirm that the brains auditory cortex responds to certain stimuli during slee

Front 13

stage 5 sleep

Back 13

REM sleep

beta waves reapper

dreaming occurs during this stage

arousal

paradoxical sleep: body is internally aroused and externally calm

Front 14

adenosine

Back 14

chemical produced the longer we stay awake. caffeine blocks this activity

Front 15

light and sleep

Back 15

light therapy

artificial light can delay sleep

Front 16

sleep theories

Back 16

sleep protects- stay away from predators

sleep recuperates- restore, repair brain tissue

sleep helps- helps with memory

sleep and growth- pituitary gland releases growth hormones

Front 17

effects of sleep deprivation

effects or chronic deprivation

Back 17

daylight savings affects

slow reactions, increased mental performance

affected immune system

obesity, mental impairment

Front 18

insomnia

Back 18

persistent problems in staying or falling asleep

Front 19

somnambulism

Back 19

sleep walking

Front 20

nightmares

Back 20

frightening dreams that wakes a sleeper from REM

Front 21

night terrors

Back 21

sudden arousal of sleep and intense fear (sweating, heart rate increase)

Front 22

narcolepsy

cause

Back 22

overpowering urge to fall asleep

absense of hypothalamic neural center that produces hypocretin, an alerting transmitter

Front 23

sleep apnea

Back 23

failure to breath when asleep

Front 24

manifest content

developer

Back 24

story line of our dreams

sigmund freud

Front 25

__ of dreams are of neg content

Back 25

80%

Front 26

why we dream

Back 26

satisfy wishes
failure dreams
sexual dreams (less than 10%)
information processing
psychologial function

Front 27

activiation synthesis theory

Back 27

brain engages in a lot of neural activity that is random. dreams make sense of this theory

Front 28

cognitive development and dreams

Back 28

dreams help brain maturation and cognitive development

Front 29

REM rebound

Back 29

we show increased REM sleep when we are sleep deprived

Front 30

concious processing allows us to.... and is relativiley....

Back 30

perform voluntary acts, solve novel problems, communicate with others

relativley slow

Front 31

what stages shorten when REM stage extend

Back 31

3 and 4

Front 32

manifest content

latent content

Back 32

story line of our dreams

unconscious drives and wishes

Front 33

learning

is maturation learning

Back 33

relativley permanent change in the immediate or potential behaviors that results from experience

no

Front 34

classical conditioning

creator

Back 34

type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli.

ivan pavlov

Front 35

aquisition

when is best, good, poor, very poor timing?

Back 35

aquiring the relationship between the CS and US

CS w pause then US
CS right before US
CS during US
US before CS

Front 36

extinction

Back 36

diminishing of a conditioned response when US does not follow CS

Front 37

spontaneous recovery

Back 37

the reappearance, after a pause of a extinguished conditoned response

Front 38

belongingness, preparedness

Back 38

certain things are learned faster than others (survival, gut skills)

Front 39

# of pairings

Back 39

number of time CS + US is experienced

Front 40

intensity of US

Back 40

extreme vs mild illness

Front 41

generalization

Back 41

same CR to similar types of CS

Front 42

higher order conditioning

Back 42

treat a CS as a US if it is well learned

Front 43

classical conditioning and bilogical functions

Back 43

organisms learn associations for survival

used to adapt to the environment

Front 44

applications of classical conditioning

Back 44

little albert

drug, alcohol addicts

Front 45

john garcia

lohn b watson

Back 45

garcia- not all ideas all learned equally

watson- little albert experiment

Front 46

associative learning

Back 46

learning that certain events occur together

Front 47

observational learning

Back 47

learning by watching others experiences and examples

Front 48

behaviorism

developer

Back 48

objective science that studies behavior without referring to mental processes

watson

Front 49

organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US

Back 49

cognitive perspective

Front 50

operant conditioning

Back 50

learning that is strengthened by a reinforcer or diminished by a punisher

Front 51

respondent behavior

operant behavior

Back 51

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Front 52

developer of operant conditioning

Back 52

BF skinner

Front 53

law of effect

who

Back 53

behaviors followed a satisfying state of affairs is most likley to recur than behavior that is followed by an unsatisfying state of affairs

thorndike

Front 54

shaping

example

Back 54

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of desired behavior

rat stepping on bar for food

Front 55

discrimitive stimulus

Back 55

if a bird is reinforced for pecking at a picture of a human face, but not other images

Front 56

operant chamber

aka

Back 56

skinner box

rat steps on bar for food

Front 57

delay and rewards

Back 57

short delay between action and rewards are best

Front 58

reinforcer

positive vs negative reinforcment

Back 58

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

+: strengthen behavior by presenting some sort of reward

-: reducing or removing a undesirable stimulus

Front 59

primary vs conditioned (secondary) reinforcer

Back 59

primary- serve a biological need

secondary- gains power through association with primary reinforcer

Front 60

fixed ratio vs variable ratio schedules

Back 60

rewards given every x times something is performed, or a reward given on average every x times

Front 61

fixed interval vs variable interval schedules

Back 61

rewards given every x minutes or on average every x minutes

Front 62

punishment (+,-)

who found problems with punishment

Back 62

event that decreases behavior

introduce something negative, or take out something positive

robert larzelere

Front 63

problems of punishment

best way of punishment

Back 63

something behavior is only suppressed

increase aggresiveness

develop fear of person administering punishment

punishment combined with reinforcement

Front 64

premack principle

Back 64

use things that people like to reinforce things that people dont like as much

Front 65

what we learn from operant conditioning

Back 65

relationship between response and consequence

explains superstitious behavior

Front 66

vicarious vs observational learning

developer

Back 66

bandura

vicarious: observe someone doing something and witness its outcome and deduce an action

observational: reproduce action. use mirror neurons

Front 67

confound

Back 67

filling a certain group with more or less hopeful cases than the average

Front 68

cognitive map

Back 68

mental representation of the layout of ones environment

Front 69

latent learning

Back 69

learning that occurs only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it

Front 70

intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

Back 70

desire to perform a behavior for its own sake vs a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Front 71

keller breland and marian breland

Back 71

trained circus animals to do certain things, who later resorted to natural biological behaviors

Front 72

skinner criticisms

Back 72

dehumanized people, seeking to control peoples actions

Front 73

cognitive processes and operant conditioning

Back 73

become critical of owns actions

Front 74

observational learning

Back 74

learning by observing others

Front 75

mirror neurons

Back 75

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions of when observing another doing so.

Front 76

negatives of observational learning

Back 76

negative models produce negative duplications

Front 77

prosocial behavior

Back 77

positive constructive helpful beahvior

Front 78

modeling

Back 78

process of observing and imitating a certain behavior

Front 79

memory

Back 79

persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrevial over time

Front 80

encoding memory

Back 80

getting information into the brain

Front 81

flashbulb memories

Back 81

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Front 82

storage / storing memory

Back 82

retention of encoded information over time

Front 83

retrieval of memory

Back 83

process of getting out information out of memory storage

Front 84

penny example

Back 84

what we attend to is what we remember

Front 85

retrieval cue

Back 85

a word that recalls certain words of the same category

Front 86

unitized sets of features

Back 86

memory of up of unitized sets of features

Front 87

chunking

Back 87

grouping information

Front 88

sensory memory

Back 88

immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

decide whats important for later

high capacity

~1 sec

Front 89

short term memory

Back 89

holds a few items briefly

~ 20 sec

low capacity

Front 90

long term memory

Back 90

permanent storage of information

unlimited capacity

permanent memory

Front 91

working memory

Back 91

sorting out incoming audio and visual spatial information for long term memory

Front 92

context cue dependent process

Back 92

study environment example