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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Most dramatic aspect of sleep.
Story-like sequence of visual images that commonly evoke strong emotions. |
Dream
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Frist person to study dreams formally.
Collegue of Edmund Clark Sanford. Article-study= recorded dreams, woke up and wrote them down in the middle of the night. (55 nights) |
Mary Whiton Calkins
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Occur during NREM sleep stages 3 and 4.
sit up, fear, scream, rapid pulse and breathing, speak incoherently. Don't usually remember the next morning. |
Night Terrors
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Devised by Stephen LeBerge.
Sleeping individuals learn how to be aware while dreaming and learn how to direct their dreams. Enhanced sense of well being. Helps people with recurrent nightmares to alter aspects of their dreams to make them less frightening |
Lucid Dreaming
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people that are deprived of sleep, sleep as long as they want and show an increase of REM sleep. Indicates that dream sleep, serves certain functions.
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REM Rebound Effect
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Gives credit to Calkins for anticipating modern approaches to dream research and pioneering intensive study of dreams over nights.
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J. Allan Hobson
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Lack of congruity between dreams and the waking states of consciousness.
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State-dependent memory
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Analyzed content of dreams.
Supported the idea that people tend to dream about mundane personal matters, usually involving familiar people and places. |
Calvin Hall
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Dreams
Collegues with Mary Whiton Calkins. Study with Calkins- recorded dreams, woke up during the night and worte the dreams down(46 nights) |
Edmund Clark Sanford
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About how many dreams a night?
In what half of sleep do more dreams occur? |
4 dreams a night
2nd half of the night |
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Freud believed that dreams contained what to represent the true meaning.
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Symbols
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Dreams containg frightening content,
Occur when we feel emotionally distressed. Frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep. |
Nightmares
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Content of dreams can be affected by _______________.
Even before calkins this was represented in Herman Melvilles novel Moby Dick when the effect of the captains dreams on the sailors were described. Ex. water sprayed on sleepers- dream content contained water. Stimuli do not always effect the content of the dream. |
Immediate Environmental Stimuli
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He provided the first formal view of dreaming as wish fullfillment.
Claimed that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious and serve as safe outlets for unconscious sexual or aggressive impulses that we can't act on while awake. Symbols in dreams that represent hidden meanings but also said that "sometimes a cigar is just a cigar." |
Sigmund Freud
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Content of the dream recalled by the dreamer.
This content hides the other type of content. |
Manifest Content
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Content of the that is its hidden and underlying meaning.
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Latent Content
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She is a leading dream researcher.
Conducted formal studies of the positive role of dreaming in solving practical and emotional problems. Claims that dreaming provides a more creative approach to problem solving because its freer and less constrained by the logical thinking of waking life. Studied people who were going through divorce. Study showed a positive correlation between dreaming and emotional adjustment. |
Rosalind Cartwright
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Which type of sleep is more beneficial to memory?
REM or NREM. |
REM
The more REM sleep that we have a night, the better our memory for material that we learned the day before will be. |
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Created by J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley.
Holds that dreams are the by-products of the cortex's attempt to make sense of activity generated by the brainstem during REM sleep. The cortex interprets brain activation and synthesizes it into a dream. This theory accepts that the cortex's interpretation of random brainstem activity presumably reveals something about the personality and experiences of the dreamer. Assumes dreams are generated by random brainstem activity not by unconscious wishes or emotional conflicts. |
Activation-synthesis theory
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No dream theory has been found to be superior at explaining the functions of dreams.
What is the major difficulty in dream research? |
The same dream can be explained equally well by different theories.
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Calkins findings include what 8 things?
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We dream every night.
We have about 4 dreams a night. As the night progresses, we are more likely to be dreaming. Most dreams are mundane and refer to recent life events. Dreams can incorporate external stimuli. What Calkins called "real thinking" occurs during sleep. We can reason while dreaming and even, to an extent, control our dreams. Dreams can disguise their true meaning. |
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Positive correlation between
dreamig and what? No evidence that dreaming caused what? |
Emotional Adjustment
Better Emotional Adjustment |
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A motivated state, varying
in its intensity and pleasantness- unpleasantness, marked by physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and cognitive experience. Comes from the Latin word meaning "to set in motion". Evolved to motivate behavior that helps us adapt to different situations. |
Emotion
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Emotional expression and
Emotional experience depend on physiological arousal which reflects activity in the ________ nervous system This nervous system is called "_______" because it functions independently, without the need for concious, voluntary regulation by the brain. |
Autonomic nervous system
Autonomic |
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What are the two branches
of the autonomic nervous system? The interplay of these two systems contributes to the ebb and flow of emotions. |
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Sympathetic Nervous System
relies on the neurotransmitter __________ to regulate its target organs? Parasympathetic nervous system relies on the neurotransmitter _________ to regulate it target organs |
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine |
|
Activation of the Sympathetic
nervous system can stimulate the ___________ response. This response evoled because it enabled our ancestors to meet sudden physical threats by either confronting them or running away from them. Triggered by both physical threats and psychological threats. |
Fight-or-flight response
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Measurement of changes in
autonomic nerouvs system activity is the basis for what test? Typically measures breathing patterns, heart rate, blood pressure, and electrodermal activity(amount of sweating) Used to detect lying, no pattern of physiological responses by itself indicates lying but by detecting physiological arousal produced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system. |
Polygraph Test
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Modern lie detection began in
the 1890s with the work of ___________. Italian criminologist who questioned suspect while recording their heart rate and blood pressure. Assumed that if they showed marked fluctuations in heart rate and blood pressure while responding to questions, they were lying. |
Cesare Lombroso
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Current polygraph test is
the direct descendant of research conducted in the 1920s by _________________, the creator of the comic book character Wonder Woman |
William Martson
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Given in the typical
polygraph test Designed to promote lying about minor transgressions common to almost everyone |
Control Questions
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Compared with suspects
physiological response to control questions Concerned with facts about the crime |
Relevant Questions
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Greater physiological arousal
in response to relevant questions Greater physiological arousal in response to control questions |
Guilty
Innocent |
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Accuracy of the polygraph
depends on ____________? |
Suspects physiological reactivity
|
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People with low or high
reactivity show a smaller difference between responses to control questions and relevant questions |
Low
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Techniques used to trick the
lie detector (there is 2) |
Antianxiety drugs
Properly timed pain (bite tounge or tack in shoe). This increases the level of physiological arousal in response to control questions which reduces the difference between physiological response to control and relevant questions |
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Test that is a possible
improvement over the polygraph test. Developed by Davis Lykken Board game Clue Assesses knowledge about a transgression rather than the alleged anxiety about it |
Guilty Knowledge Test
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Guilty Knowledge Test assumes
that a guilty person will show more physiological arousal in rsponse to relevant words or irrelevant words. Greater physiological reactivity to relevant words in a series of statements leads a person to be considered ______________? |
Relevant
Guilty |
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The Guilty Knowledge Test has
an abilty to avoid ________ _______. |
False Positives
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Guilty Knowledge Test is
biased towards____________. Control-Question tests are biased towards____________. |
False Negatives
False Positives |
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The _________ is ultimately
in control of emotional response |
Brain
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The _________ regulates the
arousal of the autonomic nervous system. |
Hypothalamus
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The limbic system includes
three main components. |
Hypothalamus,Amygdala, and
the hippocampus. |
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Prompts us to react
emotionally to different environmental circumstances. Enables us to respond to adaptively and to form memories of those situations to help us respond adaptively in the future. Recognizes unpleasant stimlui evoking emotionally negative feelings rather than emotionally positive feelings. |
Amygdala
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The ______ lobes of the
cerebral cortex may inhibit emotional responses produced by the amygdala so they are not excessive. |
Frontal
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The interaction of the ______
and the ________regulate the intensity of emotional responses. |
Amygdala and Frontal Lobes
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The left or right hemisphere
is more active when trying to assess emotional states from facial expressions. This hemisphere also plays a greater role in regulating facial expressions of emotion |
Right Hemisphere
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The ______ hemisphere is
more involved in positive emotions. The ______ hemisphere is more involved in negative emotions. |
Left
Right |
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Him and his colleagues
conducted studies to learn about the role of each hemisphere in emotional experience. Measured the relative degree of activity in each hemisphere during emotional arousal. |
Richard Davidson
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Involves selective anesthesia
of one cerebral hemisphere to determine hemisphere functions(mainly the site of the speech center). Provided evidence of the laterization of emotionality Anesthetic sodium amobarbital is injected into the left or right cartoid artery of patients who are about to undergo brain surgery. |
The Wada Test
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Cartoid arteries supply _____
to the brain. When injected during the Wada test, the hemisphere is anesthetized. |
Blood
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During the Wada Test,Positive
emotionality are more frequent after _______- hemisphere anesthesia. Negative Emotionality is more frequent after ______- hemisphere anesthesia. |
Right- hemisphere
Left- hemisphere |
|
Emtional responses depend on
chemistry. _________ and __________________ convey emotion-related impulses from one neuron to another or between neurons and body organs. |
Hormones and Neurotransmitters
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Stressful situations cause
the secreation of the neurotransmitters __________ and _______________. |
Epinephrine and Norephinephrine
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Stress hormones stimulate an
increase in low-density lipoproteins and provide one of the mechanisms by which emotional responses to stressful situations contribute to the development of ____________ disease. |
Cardiovascular
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A class of neurotransmitters
Contribute to emotional experiences by providing pain relief and evoking feelings of euphoria. |
Endorphins
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A drug that blocks the
effect of endorphins |
Naloxone
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Neither group in an
experiment know which subjects are receiving which part of the experiment Prevented participant bias or experimenter bias from affecting the results |
Double-Blind Procedure
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_________ ________ and ______
__________ are behaviors that express emotion. |
Vocal Qualities and Facial
Expressions |
|
The vocal features of speech
other than the words themselves are called ____________. Factors of this include rate, pitsh, and loudness. These factors are primarily associated with activity in the right cerebral hemisphere when we speak and listen. |
Prosody
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The ______ hemisphere
provides the words and the _______ hemisphere plays accompaniment, emotional tone,. |
Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere |
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He stated that our faces give
away our emotions |
Philip D. Chesterfield
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Sincere smile that includes
muscular activity around the eyes, causes the skin to wrinkle, and around the mouth, causing the corners of the lips to rise,. |
Duchenne Smile
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He believed that facial
expressions evolved because they promoted survival by communicating emotions and helping individuals distinguish friend from foe |
Charles Darwin
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Researchers consider ________
as the subjective well being and the highest good |
Happiness
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Two most important factors
in happiness |
State of Health
One's Personality |
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Happiness is especially
related to ___________ _________, which is being outgoing but not out of control |
Stable Extraversion
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Felt that people always want
to be happier than others but it is hard because we believe that others are happier than they actually are |
Charles Montesquieu
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This theory considers
happiness to be the result of estimating that one's life circumstances are more favorable than those of others One of the most influential theories of happiness Includes Montesquieu assumptions about happiness |
Social-Comparison Theory
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Happiness Researcher
Found that wealthier Americans are no happier than nonwealthy Americans given that the nonwealthy people have the basic necessities of life |
Edward Diener
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This theory holds that
happiness depends not on comparing yourself to others but comparing yourself to yourself. Present circumstances compared to past circumstances |
Adaption-level theory
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This theory of emotion holds
that our facial expressions affect our emotional experiences. Eotional Experience is caused by the perception of physiological changes. Inspired by the James-Lange theory Limited to the effects of facial expressions. Put forth in 1907 by Isreal Waynbaum Waynbaum believed that particular facial expressions alter the flow of blood to particular regions of the brain which evokes particular emotional experience |
Facial-feedback theory
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Theory that deals with
adopting a facial expression characteristic of a particular emotion, which can induce that emotion Primarily concerned with the effects of autonomic nervous system activity on emotion |
James-Lange Theory
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Descendant of the facial-
feedback theory Assumes that changes in facial expressions affects the volume of air flow through the nose, which alters brain temperature and influences emotional states. Assumes that increased air flow cools the brain and induces positive moods, while decreased air flow warms the brain and induces negative moods. |
Vascular Theory
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He leads most contemporary
facial-feedback theorists Assumes that evolution has endowed us with facial expressions that provide different patterns of sensory feedback of muscle tension levels to the brain, which evokes different emotions. |
Paul Ekman
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Support for the vascular
theory has come from studies that have found emotional experiences follow _________ _________ rather than precede them, and that sensory neurons convey information from facial muscles directly to the hypothalamus, which helps with emotional arousal. |
Facial Expressions
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Neurologist
Involved in book- The Man Who Mistook His Wife for A Hat Book included a case study in which a man(Dr.P)tried to take off his wife's head and put it on like a hat. He tries to express the extraordinary effects of brain damage on human behavior by using case studies |
Oliver Sacks
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The individual can see
objects and identify their features but cannot recognize them |
Visual Agnosia
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This is a form of Visual
Agnosia Can identify details of faces but cannot recognize them as a whole Caused by damage to the association cortex running along the underside of the occipital and temporal lobes of the brain |
Prosopagnosia
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The process that detects
stimuli from the environment Visual agnosia and prosopagnosia illustrate the difference between this and perception. |
Sensation
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The process that organizes
sensations into meaningful wholes |
Perception
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Starting point for both
sensation and perception A form of energy ( such as light or sound waves) that can affect sensory organs (such as the eyes or the ears) |
Stimulus
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Specialized cells that the
process of sensation depends on. Detect stimuli and convert their energy into neural impulses. Serve our visual, auditory, smell, tatse, skin, and body senses |
Sensory Receptors
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The process of sensory
receptors detecting stimuli and converting it their energy into neural impulses |
Sensory Transduction
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The study of the relationship
between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the corresponding psychological responses to them Percieve things like slipperiness of floor tiles, gender differences in pain sensitivity, etc. |
Psychophysics
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They developed psychophysics
1)published Elements of Psychophysics studied the relationship between physical stimulation and mental experience 2)Used fine bristles to measure touch sensitivity by bending them against the skin |
1)Gustav Fechner
2)Ernest Weber |
|
The minimum amount of
stimulation that a person can detect is called the __________, or limen |
Absolute Threshold
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Absolute threshold for a
particular sensory experience varies, psychologists operationally define the absolute threshold as the minimum level of stimulation that can be detected ___ percent of the time when a stimulus is presented |
50
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Investigates whether
participants can unconciously perceive stimuli that do not exceed the absolute threshold |
Subliminal Perception
Subliminal Stimulation is stimulation that does not exceed the absolute threshold |
|
Subliminal Stimulation that
became part of the 2000 U.S. Presidential election Democrats complained that Republicans had superimposed the subliminal message _____ over a TV advertisement attacking Al Gore's Medicare plan |
RATS
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The superimposing of a
soundtrack backwards over a forward one. Expressed in response to John Travolta's movie Phenomenon when 2 radio jockeys claimed that the movie was filled with subliminal messages promoting Travolta's belief in the religion of Scientology Recieved attention on the show Extra by claiming that the theme song of the movie promoted the name of the founder of Scientology and his book, Dianetics |
Backmasking
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Dont confuse subliminal
stimulation with subliminal ___________ No evidence that people will obey what they hear through subliminal messages |
Perception
|
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Minimum amount of change in a
stimulation that can be detected is called the ___________ ______________ The threshold varies so it is defined as the minimum change in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time by a given person |
Difference Threshold
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What Weber and Fechner
refered to the difference threshold as |
Just Noticeable Difference
(jnd) |
|
Law that express that the
amount of change in intensity of stimulation needed to produce a jnd is a constant fraction of the original stimulus Holds better for stimuli of moderate intensity than for stimuli of extremely low or high intensity |
Weber's law
|
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Tendency of sensory receptors
to respond less and less to an unchanging stimulus Lets us detect potentially important changes in our environment while ignoring unchanging aspects of it |
Sensory Adaptation
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The possibility of perception
independent of sensory receptors |
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
|
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The field that studies ESP
and related phenomena |
Parapsychology
(para means beside) |
|
Parapsychological abilities
are typically called ___________ Expressed in a lawsuit in which a women sued a hospital claiming that a CT scan made her lose her ESP abilities |
paranormal
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The alleged ability to
percieve the thoughts of others Represent when the Greatful Dead Rock group had their audience try to send mental images to a sleeper in a dream lab |
Mental Telepathy
|
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Alleged ability to percieve
objects or events without any sensory contact Related to mental telepathy Amazing Kreskin |
Clairvoyance
|
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Alleged ability to perceive
events in the future Parapsychologists that believe this are left with the scientific problem of explaining how minds that exist in the present can perceive events that take place in the future |
Precognition
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An uncanny feeling that you
have experienced a present situation in the past and that you can anticipate what will happen in the next few moments |
Deja vu
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Alleged ability to control
objetcs with the mind alone Closely allied with ESP |
Psychokinesis
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He is given credit for making
paraphyschology a legitimate area of scientific research Began a program of experimentation on paranormal phenomena on the 1930s |
J.B. Rhine
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She was a leading
parapsychologist Notes that experimenter bias might account for the poor perofrmance of some participants in ESP or PK studies. Insists experimenters who are cynical about ESP or PK might inhibit talented people from performing well in research studies |
Gertrude Schmeidler
|
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What is the main weakness of
research studies on paranormal abilities? A final criticism of parapsychology is that there is ___ __________ __________ ___ _____________ _________. |
The difficulty in replicating
them No satisfactory explanation of paranormal phenomena |
|
Research studies conducted
during periods of low __________ activity have been associated with the most positive ESP research findings |
Geomagnetic
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Parapsychologists remind
psychologists to be _______ rather than cynical, because many phenomena that are now scientifically acceptable were once considered impossible and unworthy of study. |
Skeptical
|
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The sense of _________, or
audition, helps us function by informing us about the objects at a distance from us Informs us about objects we cannot see because they are behind us, hidden by darkness, or blocked by another object |
Hearing
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_______ is produced by
vibrations carried by air, water, or other mediums. It requires a medium in which to travel so it cannot travel in a vaccum |
Sound
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Sound _________ create a
successive bunching and spreading of molecules in the sound medium A series of these bunching- spreading cycles forms a sound wave |
Vibrations
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The height of a sound wave is
its ______________. |
Amplitude
|
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The number of sound-wave
cycles that pass a given point in a second is its ______________. |
Frequency
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Sound wave frequency is
measured in __________. Named for the 19th century German physicist Heinrich Hertz |
Hertz
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Sound waves are sensed and
perceived by the ___________ __________, which begins at the ear. |
auditory system
|
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The ear is divded into 3
parts |
Outer Ear, Middle Ear, Inner
Ear |
|
The oddly shped flap of skin
cartilage that we commonly call the ear Included in the outer ear Plays a small role in human hearing Some animals have moveable ones that allow them to detect and locate faint sounds |
Pinna
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Better known as the eardrum
Sound waves are gathered by the pinna and then pass through the EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL and reach the __________ ____________ Sound waves make the eardrum vibrate |
Typanic membrane
|
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The eardrum seperates the
outer ear from the _______ ear |
middle
|
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Vibrations of the eardrum are
conveyed to the bones, or ________, of the middle ear These are 3 tiny bones connected to one another by ligaments They are named with Latin names that reflect their shapes: malleus(hammer), incus(anvil), and the stapes (stirrup) |
ossicles
|
|
Tubes that connect the middle
ear to the back of the throat Permit air to enter the middle ear to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum |
Eustachian tubes
|
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Vibrations of the stapes are
conveyed to the _____ ______ of the inner ear. A membrane in the wall of a spiral structure called the cochlea(from the Greek word snail) |
oval window
|
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A spiral structure that
contains the oval window Comes from the Greek word meaning snail Vibrations of the oval window send waves through a fluid-filled chamber that runs the lenth of this |
Cochlea
|
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Also runs the length of the
cochlea Set in motion by the waves that the vibrations of the oval window send through the fluid-filled chamber along the cochlea The movement of this membrane causes the bending of hair cells that protrude from it |
Basilar Membrane
|
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The bending of hair cells
triggers impulses that travel along the axons of the nuerons that form the __________ ___________. |
Auditory Nerve
|
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After auditory impulses reach
the thalamus and some processing is done they are relayed to the ________ _________ of the temporal lobes of the brain,the ultimate site of sound perception |
Auditory Cortex
|
|
The basilar membrane is known
as the proximal or distal stimulus and the source is known as the proximal or distal stimulus |
Proximal
Distal |
|
Your ability to percieve
_______ depends on pitch perception, loudness perception, timbre perception, and sound localization |
ability to percieve sounds
|
|
The _______ of a sound is the
main determinant of its perceived pitch |
frequency
|
|
People with _________ _______
can identify and produce tones pf a specific pitch |
absolute pitch
|
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Theory which assumes that
particular points on the basilar membrane vibrate maximumly in response to sound waves of particular frequencies Explains frequencies around 1000 Hz Put forth by Herman von Helmholtz in 1863 Best explains the perception of high pitch sounds |
place theory
|
|
He won a Nobel Prize in 1961
for his research on the place theory Took cochleas from the ears of guinea pigs and human cadavers, stimulated the oval window and noted the response of the basilar membrane through a hole cut in the cochlea Found that as the frequency of a stimulus increased the point of maximum vibration produced by the traveling wave on the basilar membrane moved closer to the oval window |
Georg von Bekesy
|
|
Assumes that the basilar
membrane vibrates as a whole in direct proportion to the frequency of the sound waves striking the eardrum Nuerons of the auditory system fire at the same frequency as the vibrations of the basilar membrane This theory explains the perception of sounds below 1000 Hz Put forth by Ernest Rutherford in 1886 Best explains the perception of low-pitched sounds |
Frequency Theory
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Theory created by Ernest
Weber that explains pitch perception between 1000 Hz and 5000 Ht Assumes that sound waves in this range induce certain groups of auditory neurons to fire in volleys Best explains the perception of medium-pitched souonds |
Volley Theory
|
|
Sounds vary in intensity, or
_________,. Depends mainly on the amplitude of its sound waves Loudness perception depends on both the number and the firing thresholds of hair cells on the basilar membrane that are stimulated Firing of hair cells with higher thresholds increase the perceived loudness of the sound |
Loudness
|
|
The unit of sound intensity is the _______
One tenth of a Bel, a unit named for Alexander Graham Bell Faintest detectable sound has an absolute threshold of 0 dB. For each change of 10 decibels the perceived loudness doubles |
decibel(dB)
|
|
Type of deafness where there
is a mechanical problem in the outer of middle ear that interferes with hearing |
Conduction Deafness
|
|
A problem of the inner ear.
The basilar membrane, the auditory nerve, or the auditory cortex is damaged People typically lose their ability to perceive sounds of ceratin frequencies |
Nerve Deafness
|
|
Provide electronic
stimulation of the neurons leaving the basilar membrane,promise to restore at least rudimentary hearing in people with nerve deafness |
Cochlear Implants
|
|
The quality of sound, which
reflects a particular mixture of sound waves Lets us identify the source of a sound Also allows us to evalute the relative quality of sounds |
Timbre
|
|
Involves discerning where
sounds are comming from The brain can determine the location of sound because the auditory cortex has that respond to these difference in intensity and arrival time |
Sound Localization
|
|
Sense of ______, or olfaction
warns us of danger Can alter our mood |
smell
|
|
Attempts to use different
fregrances to enhance cognitive abilities or psychological well-being Goes with the idea that odors can affect our mood Alerting aroma- rosemary Relaxing aroma-lavender |
Aromatherapy
|
|
Ability to smell odors- how
do we smell? |
Molecules carried in inhaled
air stimulate smell receptor cells on the olfactory epithelium high up in the nassal passage. These molecules alter the resting potential and firing frequency of receptor cells, stimulating some and inhibiting others Patterns in firing receptor cells evoke certain odors |
|
Nueral impulses from the
receptor cells travel along the short ________ nerves to the fromtal lobes of the brain |
Olfactory
|
|
_____ is the only sense that
is not first processed in the thalamus before being processed in other olfactory centers in the brain |
Smell
|
|
The limbic system is
important in the experience of emotion recieves many _______ connections from the olfactory nerves |
nueral
|
|
All other odors are a mixture
of these basic odors Ethereal(dry-cleaning fluid), Camphoraceous(mothballs), Musky(musk cologne), Floral (roses), Pepperminty (peppermint candy), Pungent (vinegar), Putrid(rotten eggs) |
7 Recognized odors
|
|
Theory that beleives that
smell receptors responsive to particular odors are sensitive to molecules of specific sizes, shapes, or electrical charges |
Stereochemical Theory of
smell |
|
She is a leading olfactory
researcher Found that regaurdless of the exact machanisms by which this occurs, olfaction depends on stimulation of different receptors, composed of proteins, on the olfactory epithelium by specific airborne chemicals |
Linda Bartoshuk
|
|
Secretions called _________,
are studied to determine the effects of them on sexual behavior of animals For example, apphrodisin- a vaginal pheromone released by female hamsters and inhaled by male hamsters stimulates copulation |
pheromones
|
|
Gustation,or ________,
protects us from harm by preventing us from ingesting poisons and enhances our enjoyment of life by letting us savor food and beverages. |
taste
|
|
What taste and taste
sensitivity depend on Line the grooves between bumps called papillae on the surface of the tounge Conatin receptor cells that send neural impulses when stimulated by molecules dissolved in saliva Die and are replaced |
taste buds
|
|
Arab scientist that proposed
that there were 4 basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter |
Avicenna
|
|
Tested Avicenna's ideas by
testing the sensitivity of the papillae by applying a variety of chemicals to different papillae |
Hijalmar Ohrwall
|
|
____ of tongue = sweet/salty
_____ of tongue = sour/salty _____ of tongue = bitter |
tip
sides back |
|
Gustation depends on the ____
and ______ of molecules that stimulate the taste receptors |
shape and size
|
|
The pleasureable taste
elicited by monosodium glutamate Taste receptors that are sensitive to the presence of particular nutrients like fatsare also sensitive to this |
Umami
|
|
Taste depends on sensations
from the mouth, ________ relies on both taste and smell, as well as on texture, temperature, and even pain |
flavor
|
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Condition in which a person
loses their sense of smell because of disease or brain damage |
Anosmia
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_____ Senses are senses such
as touch, temperature, and pain. We use these to identify objects, communicate feelings, and protect us from injury Skin sensations are determined by the stimulation of receptors |
Skin Senses
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Nueral impulses from the
skin receptors reach the thalamus, which relays them to the _____________ cortex of the brain The more sensitive the area of skin is the larger its representation on this cortex is |
Somatosensory
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Your sense of _______, allows
you to identify objects rapidly and accurately This type of sensitivity depends on the concentration of receptors |
Touch
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Invented the Braille system
for reading and writing, which uses patterns of raised dots to represent letters |
Louis Braille
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The sense of _______, or
nociception, proects us from injury or death Induced by an injury or intense stimulation of sensory receptors |
Pain
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The main pain receptors (or
nociceptors) are ______ ______ _________ in the skin Two kinds of nueronal fibers trasmit pain impulses: A- delta fibers and C fibers |
free nerve endings
A-delta= carry sharp or pricking pain C fibers= carry dull or burning pain |
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Substance implicated in pain
A chemical that accumulates at the site of an injury or inflammation Asprin relieves pain by inhibiting the release of this |
bradykinin
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Important pain-processing
center and pathways to the limbic system which may affect amotional responses to pain |
periaqueductal gray
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Pain receptor nuerons
transmit pain impulses by releasing the neurotransmitter ________ __ from their axons |
Sustance P
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Most influential theory of
pain Formulated by psychologist Ronald Melzack and biologist Patrick Wall Assumes that pain impulses from the limbs or body pass through a part of the spinal cord that provides a "gate" for pain impulses, perhaps invloving substance P nuerons |
gate-control theory
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Cloding of the pain gate is
stimulated by the secretion of __________which are the brains natural opiates May inhibit the secretion of substance P |
Endorphins
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Reinterpretation of pain can
reduce or increase its intensity Shown by the Anzio effect Pain may have been reduced by the nueral impulses sent from the brain to the spinal cord, closing the pain gate |
reduce
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Most popular approach to pain
relief is on drugs such as ___________, which affects endorphin receptors in the in the brain |
Morphine
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_________, or sugar pills
that are substituted for pain relieving drugs, can relieve pain |
placebo
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Type of pain relief that
relies on inserting fine needles into the various sites on the body |
acupuncture
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A drug that blocks the
effects of opiates and inhibits the analgesic effects of acupuncture Blocks impulses at the pain gate in the spinal cord |
Naloxone
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Technique for pain relief
relies on ______________ _______________ ______ ____________( ) Involves electrical stimulation of sites on the body |
Transcutaneous Electrical
Nerve Stimulation (TENS) |
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One of the only types of
pain relief that does not work by stimulating the release of endorphins Sends neural impulses that block pain impulses at the spinal cord or by reducing attention to pain sensations |
Hypnosis
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_______ senses tell you the
position of your limbs and and help you maintain equilibrium |
Body
The 2 body senses are Kinesthetic Sense and the Vesztibular Sense |
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The kinesthetic sense
informs you of the position of your joints, the tension in your muscles, and the movement of your arms and legs |
Kinesthetic sense
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Vestibular sense depend on
organs in the inner ear Informs you of your head's position in space, helping you maintain your balance and orientation Conatin 2 types of organs otolith organs-detect acceleration through space semicircular organs- 3 fluid -filled tubes oriented in different planes |
Vestibular Organs
otolith and semicircular organs |
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bending of hair cells
triggers nueral impulses that are relayed to the cerebellum, which helps you maintain your _____________ |
Balance
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Compensates for rotary head
movements by moving the eyes a proportionate amount in the opposite direction Aids the semicircular canal in allowing you to keep your eyes _______ ____ __ _______ |
Fixed on a target
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Induced by conflict between
visual and vestibular sensations Reduced by a sense of control |
Motion Sickness
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Devised the earliest drug
treatments for motion sickness Found a drug that inhibited the motion sickness sometimes |
Wilder Penfield
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Lets us sense objects by the
light reflected from them into our eyes |
Vision
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Light is the common name for
the ________ ___________, a narrow band of energy within the electromagnetic spectrum |
Visible Spectrum
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Wavelength of light
corresponds to its ____, the perceptual quality that we call color |
Hue
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The distance between two
wave peaks Measured in nanometers (billionths of a meter) |
Wavelength
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Light composed of short
wavelengths: light appears what color Light composed of long wavelengths: light appears what color |
Violet
Red |
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Relatively short wavelengths
Affects human beings mainly by causing sunburn |
ultraviolet light
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Relatively long wavelengths
Conveys heat |
Infrared light
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In the visible spectrum, the
height, or ___________, of light waves determines the perceived intesity, or ___________, of a light |
Amplitude
Brightness |
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Purity of a light's
wavelength determines its __________, or vividness |
Saturation
Narrower the range of wavelengths, the more saturated the light. |
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Vision depends on the
interaction of the eyes and the brain Eyes sense light reflected from objects and convey this information to the brain, where visual __________ takes place |
perception
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Tough membrane of the eye
Protects the eye from injury |
sclera
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At the front of the sclera
The round, transparent ______ Focuses light into the eye |
Cornea
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Determines eye color
Donut-shaped band of muscles behind the cornea Controls the amount of light that enters the eye by regulating the size of the pupil Dialates the eye to let in more light and constricting it to let in less. |
Iris
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Opening at the center of the
iris Regulates the amount of light the enters the idea |
Pupils
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After passing through the
pupil light is focused by the _____ onto the retina, the light sensitive inner membrane of the eye. |
Lens
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Tiny muscles connected to the
lens control ______________, The process by which the lens increases its curvature to focus light from close objects or decreases its curvature to focus light for more distant objects |
accommodation
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Image on the retina is cast
________ _________ Leonardo da Vinci rejected this possibility Nueral pathways in the brain "flip" the image to make it appear right side up |
upside down
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Most common conditions that
make people unable to focus clear images on the retina Myopia and Hyperopia |
Myopia:nearsightedness
lens focuses images of near objects on the retina, but focuses images of far objects at a point in front of the retina Hyperopia:farsightedness, the lens focuses images of far objects on the retina, but focuses images of near objects at a point that would fall behind the retina |
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Cells in the retina that
respond when stimulated by light 2 types of these-rods and cones |
photoreceptors
Each eye has about 120 million rods and 6 million cones |
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Rods and Cones stimulate
_________ cells which in turn stimulate ganglion cells |
Bipolar
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Formed by the axons of the
ganglion cells Convey visual information to the brain |
Optic Nerves
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Rods are important to night
vision and peripheral vision Periphery of the retina Cones are very important in color vision and detailed vision Prevalent in the center |
Depend on different pathways
in the brain |
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Small area in the center of
the retina Conatins only cones Provides most acute vision Each cone transmits nueral impulses to one bipolar cell |
Fovea
Differ in visual acuity because they vary in the number of foveal cones |
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Blood vessels on the eye
Alcohol and marijuana makes eyes red |
Choroid
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Area of the retina that feeds
input to a ganglion cell |
receptor field
Some ganglion cells increase their activity when light strikes inside the relevant receptor field and reduce their activity when light strikes outside it |
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He demonstrated the existence
of the blind spot, the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. Blind spots contain no rods or cones |
Edme Mariotte
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Optic nerves travel under the
frontal lobes of the brain and meet at a point called the ________ __________ At this point axons from the half of each optic nerve toward the nose cross to the opposite side of the brain |
The optic chiasm
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Place where most axons of the optic nerves go
This transmits information to the visual cortex of the occipital lobes |
Thalamus
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Retinal objects in the ______
visual field is processed in the left occipetal lobe, and retinal information about objects in the _____ visual field is processed in the right occipital lobe |
Right
Left |
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Stimulation of electrodes
attached to the visual cortex produces a pattern of spots of light called __________ Can be used to represent the outlines of objetcs seen by cameras |
phosphenes
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