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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychotherapy
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Resolving personal, emotional, behavioural, and social problems to improve well-being
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Barriers to treatment
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- Money and time
- People MINIMALIZE condition (think their symptoms are less severe than they really are) - May not be aware they can be treat - Stigma |
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Stigma
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Collection of negative stereotypes
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Why are males less likely to get help with mental health?
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They are taught to be less emotionally in touch/attached and "be stronger"
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Court-ordered treatments
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Court orders those who are mentally unstable, driving while intoxicated, and lower classes
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Minimalizing
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When people believe their condition is not important enough or they underestimate condition
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Clinical psychologists
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- Has doctorate degree
- Purpose: Diagnose and treat mental health problems |
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Counselling psychologists
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- Helps people with COMMON problems like stress, coping, anxiety
- Does not do severe cases |
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Psychiatrists
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- Physician
- Purpose: Diagnose and treat disorders thru medicine |
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How were mentally ill people treated back then?
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- Treated like aliens
- Separated from society - Alienated them using straightjackets.. |
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Deinstitutionalization
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Put people from mental institutions back in community and treat them on an outpatient basis
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Inpatient treatment
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- Stays at a facility
- Protect patient from harm and return them to society as quickly as possible |
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Residential treatment centers
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Provide psychotherapy, teaches life skills to go back into society
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Community psychology
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Focuses how person's mental health has been influenced by surrounding people/neighbors and other community factors
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Outpatient treatment
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- Does not stay in a facility
- Checks into clinic for therapy and such |
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What are treatments that have been "tested and evaluated using sound research" called?
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Empirically supported treatments
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__ __ is the relationship that emerges from therapy.
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Therapeutic alliance
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The use of self help books for treatment is called __.
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bibliotherapy
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Insight therapies
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Dialogue between client and therapist to gain awareness and understanding of psychological problems
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Psychodynamic therapies
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Type of insight therapy that uncovers and solves unconscious conflicts
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Psychoanalysis
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- Developed by Sigmund Freud
- Purpose: understand past experiences to have better well-being - Access unconscious mind |
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Unconscious
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Person is not aware
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Free association
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Reveal all thoughts no matter how weird/meaningless
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Dream analysis
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Interpret unconscious thought
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Manifest content
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What happens in the dream
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Latent content
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Unconscious elements that motivated dream
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Resistance
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Avoiding directly answering questions from therapist
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Transference + example
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Patients who transfer emotions toward therapist
Example: patient who is angry about conflict may direct it towards therapist |
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Object relations therapy
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Focuses on how childhood experiences and emotional attachments affect later functioning
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Give an example of object relations therapy
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Child who had an imaginary friend (object) may treat real people as they treated their imaginary friend
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Humanistic therapy
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- Focuses on person's potential and strengths
- Therapist listens and understands |
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Person/client-centered therapy
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Focuses on person's ability to solve their own problems with encouragement from therapist
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Conditions of worth + example
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Losing affection for a person who doesn't live up to expectations
Example: dad who is disappointed by son has IMPOSED conditions of worth because they give an impression of loving the son less |
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Humanistic therapists must show ___ through genuine, empathetic and nonjudgmental attention.
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Unconditional positive regard
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When should therapies be used?
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When there is empirical evidence of them working.
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Interpersonal therapy
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Belief that illness rooted in interpersonal relationships
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Behavioral therapies
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Addresses problem behaviours, thoughts and the environmental factors that trigger them
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Behavioural therapy believes: behaviour is the result of __ and learning.
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conditioning
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Exposure treatment
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- Set of treatments
- Expose person to fear in gradual steps under controlled conditions |
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Systematic desensitization
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Gradual exposure to feared stimulus w/ relaxation training
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Flooding
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Directly exposed to fear in hopes that the patient will see there is actually nothing to fear
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Modeling
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Client observes another person interact with fear so they can do it themselves
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Virtual reality exposure
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Client is exposed to fear virtually through screens
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Aversive conditioning + example
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Replaces positive response with negative response; usually a punishment
Example: putting a drug into alcohol that induces vomiting to stop alcohol addiction |
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
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Therapy that includes exposure, cognitive restructure and inoculation training.
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Cognitive restructuring
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Client changes perspective on negative events and views them less emotionally and rationally
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Inoculation training
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Relaxation techniques to regain emotional control; promotes well being
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Pros of group therapy
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- Less costly
- Groups organized to fit a particular purpose |
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Family therapy
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Deals with dynamics of family or with one particular person
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Family therapy takes a s___ approach.
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systems
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Systems approach
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Understanding that each family member contributes to the family dynamic
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Behavioural therapies are most effective with what disorder(s)?
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Anxiety disorders
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Cognitive behavioural therapy is most effective with what disorder?
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Depression
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Psychopharmacotherapy
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Treating psychological disorders with drugs
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Medications that alter psychological functioning are called ___.
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Psychotropic drugs
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Antidepressant drugs
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Elevated mood and reduces symptoms of depression
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOs)
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Antidepressant that inhibits the MAO enzyme to reduce dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine (hormones that promote depression)
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Earliest type of antidepressant that blocked reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
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Tricyclic antidepressant
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Selective seretonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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Blocks reuptake of serotonin
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Blocking neurotransmitters (as antidepressants do) is a __ and not a fact.
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Hypothesis
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Neurogenesis
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Growth of new neuons
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Mood stabilizers
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Prevent + reduce manic side (extreme happiness) of bipolar disorder
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Antidepressants do not make people ___ than they were before depression.
What do they do? |
happier
Antidepressants alleviate depression |
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Antianxiety drugs
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Alleviate nervousness, tension and reduces panic attacks
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Antipsychotic drugs
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- Treats schizophrenia and severe mood disorders
- Reduces not eliminate - However, effects weaken over time |
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When are drugs useful?
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When they are combined with therapy
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True or False: Medication of depression alone is effective.
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False - combination of antidepressants and therapy is more effective
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Why is exercise beneficial to alleviating depression?
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- Health benefits
- Requires change of lifestyle which prevents relapse - Increases energy levels |
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A side effect of antipsychotics that involves motion control problems is called __.
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Tardive dyskinesia
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Removing regions of the cortex
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Frontal lobotomy
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Lesion
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Damaged area of tissue like a cluster of nerve cells
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Focal lesions
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Purposely killing cells by making small lesions in brain
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Electroconvulsive therapy
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Electrical current is passed thru brain to induce temporary seizure
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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A very specific area of brain exposed to a powerful magnetic field which stimulates it; used for depression
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Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
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Electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain; used mostly for those with movement disorders like Parkinson's
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When are technological and surgical treatments used?
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When illness is a severe case
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Neuron
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A cell that sends and receives messages throughout body
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The soma is also known as the __.
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cell body
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Cell body
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- Part of the neuron
- Contains NUCLEUS that has genetic material |
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Label the diagram
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CELL BODY - the cell's life support center
DENDRITE - receives msgs AXON - sends msgs NEURAL IMPULSE - electric signal traveling down axon MYELIN SHEATH - covers axon and speeds up signal TERMINAL - form junctions w/ others |
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Dendrite
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- Branches projecting from cell body
- Receives messages from other cells and sends them to the cell body |
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Axon
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Transports info from one neuron to another through ELECTROCHEMICAL reactions
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What type of signals do neurons send?
a) Chemical b) Electrochemical c) Fluid d) Hormonal |
b) Electrochemical
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Located within axon terminals are chemicals called __.
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neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters
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Chemicals that function as messages that allow neurons to communicate
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Synapses
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Small spaces that separate nerve cells
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What is the difference between SENSORY and MOTOR NEURONS?
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Sensory neurons bring information from the senses INTO the brain.
Motor neurons bring messages AWAY from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles. |
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Myelin
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- Fatty sheath that insulates axons from each other
- Increases speed and efficiency in neural communication |
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Glial cells
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- Specialized cells of nervous system
- Synchronizes activity of nervous system, i.e. removes waste |
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The __ and __ environments of a neuron differs in their ___ of charged atoms called ions.
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inner, outer, concentration
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What does the RESTING POTENTIAL of a neuron refer to?
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Stable state where cell is not transmitting messages
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At resting potential, the outside of the neuron has a relatively __ concentration of __ charged ions. The inside has a __ concentration of __ charged ions.
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Outside neuron: high concentration of POSITIVELY charged ions
Inside neuron: high concentration of NEGATIVELY charged ions |
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What causes a neuron to fire? Describe the steps.
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1. Neuron is stimulated
2. Surface pores open up to let positively charged ions in 3. Threshold of neuron is reached (ex: -70 mV) 4. Action potential starts |
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Action potential
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- Wave of electrical activity
- Starts at base of axon - Travels down axon length |
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During the action potential the net charge of the cell goes from __ to __.
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negative --> positive
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At each point of the axon, the sodium pores __ as soon as the action potential occurs.
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shut
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The minute space between the terminal and the dendrite is called the __.
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synaptic cleft
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What happens the action potential is at the end - the axon terminal?
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1. Neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft (space)
2. Binds to receptors on dendrites |
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The action potential is followed by a ___.
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refractory period
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Refractory period
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Brief period when a neuron cannot fire
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A given neuron always fires at the same __ and __.
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intensity and speed
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All-or-none principle
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Individual nerve cells fire at same strength and speed every time an action potential occurs
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An action potential carries a __ electrical charge away from the cell body.
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positive
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What cells manufacture myelin?
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Glial cells
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A neuron will fire when the ions inside the cell are..
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Shifted to a greater threshold than the resting potential.
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What is the LOCK-AND-KEY analogy used to explain?
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Neurotransmitters released at axon terminal bind to a specific receptor of dendrite like a key in a lock.
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Name the 2 types of reactions when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor
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(1) Excitatory
(2) Inhibitory |
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Excitatory reaction
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Increases action potential
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Inhibitory reaction
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Decreases action potential
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Reuptake
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When neurotransmitters released are reabsorbed into presynaptic neuron
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Monoamines are known to influence __.
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mood
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Dopamine
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- Monoamine neurotransmitter
- Mood, control of voluntary movement, reward experiences |
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Serotonin
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- Monoamine
- Regulates mood, sleep, and appetite |
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Norepinephrine
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- Monoamine
- Regulates stress responses and increases arousal, attention, heart rate |
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Acetylcholine is found between __ cells and __ muscles. They are very important for __.
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- between nerve cells + skeletal muscles
- voluntary movement |
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Glutamate
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- Excitatory neurotransmitter
- Learning and memory |
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GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)
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- Inhibitory neurotransmitter
- Prevents action potentials - Inhibits brain activity, facilitates sleep, reduces arousal |
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Substance P
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Neurotransmitter involved in pain
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2 types of drugs that affect neurotransmission
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(1) Agonists
(2) Antagonists |
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Agonists
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Enhances a neurotransmitter's action
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Antagonists
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Inhibits a neurotransmitter's action
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Hormones are c__ secreted by the glands of the __ system.
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chemicals, endocrine
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Homeostasis
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Balance of energy (metabolism, temp., etc.) for body to work properly
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Hypothalamus
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Brain structure that regulates biological needs and motivational needs
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Pituitary gland
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- Master gland
- Produces hormones and sends commands about hormone production to other glands of the endocrine system |
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What part of the brain prepares your body for stress?
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Hypothalamus
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In time of stress, the hypothalamus sets __ events that signals the __ to release a hormone into the bloodstream and stimulates the __ glands.
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chemical
pituitary gland adrenal glands |
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Adrenal glands
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Releases stress hormones like cortisol and epinephrine
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Endorphin
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- Produced by pituitary gland and hypothalamus
- Reduces pain + induces feelings of pleasure |
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Testosterone
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Drives physical and sexual development, surges during sexual activity
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2 divisions of the nervous system
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(1) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
(2) Central Nervous System |
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Peripheral nervous system
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Transmits information to and from CNS
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Peripheral nervous system is divided into:
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(1) Autonomic nervous system
(2) Somatic nervous system |
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Autonomic nervous system
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Regulates activity of organs and glands
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Somatic nervous system
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Receive sensory input, controls skeletal muscles for voluntary + reflexive movement
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The sympathetic + parasympathetic divisions come from the ___ nervous system.
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Autonomic nervous system
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Fill in the blanks.
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2nd row: Peripheral nervous system, the brain and the spinal cord
3rd: Autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system, brain, spinal cord 4th row: Sympathetic division, expend, conserves |
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Central nervous system
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The brain and spinal cord
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The spinal cord connects what 2 structures?
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Connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain
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The hindbrain controlls basic __sustaining processes.
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life-sustaining
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At the top of the spinal cord is called the __.
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brain stem
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Brain stem
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Consists of the medulla and pons
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Function of Medulla
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Regulates heart rate, breathing, salivating, sneezing
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Function of Pons
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Wakefulness and dreaming
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Cerebellum
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- Lobe-like structure at the base of the brain
- Movement, balance, learning new motor skills |
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Label the hind/midbrain diagram
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Top to bottom: Midbrain, pons, medulla
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Midbrain
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- Relay station between sensory and motor areas
- Voluntary movement |
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Forebrain
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- Obvious part of brain
- Consists of many structures |
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Basal ganglia
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- Forebrain
- Movement and reward processing |
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Amygdala
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- Forebrain
- Emotion, recognizing emotional stimuli - Facial expressions |
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Hippocampus
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- Forebrain
- Learning and memory - Forms new memories |
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Hypothalamus
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- Forebrain
- Temp. regulation, motivation (hunger, thirst, sex) |
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The integrated network involved in emotion and memory is what system?
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Limbic system
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Thalamus
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Relays sensory info to different regions of brain
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Cerebral cortex
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Wrinkled outer layer of brain involved in cognition like thought, language, and personality
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Dark region of brain is called __.
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gray matter
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White region of brain is called __.
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White matter
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Gray matter
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Composed of cell bodies and dendrites
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White matter
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Myelinated axons
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Ventricles
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- Fluid filled (cerebrospinal fluid) spaces
- Eliminates waste and provides nutrition |
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What fluid are ventricles filled with?
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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The four major ares of the brain are called __.
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lobes
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Frontal lobe
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- For cognition like planning, regulating impulses, language, voluntary movement
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Corpus callosum
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Thick band of axons that connect the left + right hemispheres of brain
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Primary motor cortex
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Control of voluntary movement
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The frontal lobe is active when moving a body part as well as when..
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Planning the movement
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Parietal lobes
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- Behind the frontal lobes
- Touch + bodily awareness |
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Occiptal lobes
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- At the rear of brain
- Visual information is processed here |
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Temporal lobes
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- At sides of brain near the ears
- Hearing, language, higher aspects of vision - Face recognition |
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What is the right hemisphere involved in?
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Visual and spatial skills
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What is the left hemisphere involved in?
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Language and math
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What is the phenomenon of the 2 brain hemispheres performing different functions called?
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Hemispheric specialization
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What did Paul Broca do?
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- Examined a dead person who was unable to speak for the last 30 years of his life
- Found his LEFT brain hemisphere (language and math) was damaged - Called the damaged area, "Broca's Area" for speech production |
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Loss of speech function
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Broca's aphasia
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Aphasia is the impairment of __ functioning.
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language
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Wenicke's area
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Area involved in comprehension of speech
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Patients with Wernicke's aphasia have what problem?
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Speech comprehension
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How does one become a split-brain patient?
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Corpus callosum is severed so the 2 brain hemispheres are not connected and are separated.
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How does SPLIT-BRAIN work?
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*Remember the brain hemispheres process opposite sides
(1) Objects presented on the right side are verbalized b/c the left hemisphere is in charge of language (2) Objects on the left are pointed out because the right hemisphere is in charge of spatial skills |
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Measuring the pattern of brain activity with electrodes attached to the scalp is called __.
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Brain imaging - PET Scan
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- Radioactive glucose injected in blood and moves to brain
- Tasks are performed by patient and the glucose movement is measured |
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MRI stands for
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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MRI
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- Detailed images of brain
- Radio waves passes through brain to create a signal that can be translated into a 3D image |
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Functional MRI (fMRI)
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- Allows to see blood flow in brain
- Sees blood with oxygen and those without |
