Psyc Final

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Eclectic approach

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An approach to psychotherapy that, depending depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

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Psychotherapy

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Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

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Psychoanalysis

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Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Fried believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams,and transference- and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowed the patient to gain self- insight.

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Resistance

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In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety- laden material.

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Interpretation

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In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

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Transference

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In psychoanalysis the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love hatred for a parent).

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Psychodynamic therapy

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Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to u conscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.

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Insight-therapies

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A variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

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Client-centered therapy

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A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.

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Active listening

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Empathic listening in which the the listener echoes restates, and clarifies. A feature of Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy.

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Unconditional positive regard

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A caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conjunctive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance.

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Behavior therapy

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Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

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Counterconditioning

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A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversiveconditioning.

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Exposure therapies

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Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.

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Systematic desensitization

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A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety- triggering stimuli.

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Virtual reality exposure therapy

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An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to stimulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

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Aversive conditioning

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A type of Counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

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Token economy

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An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges and treats.

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Cognitive therapy

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Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting ; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

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Cognitive-behavior therapy

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A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

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Family therapy

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Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.

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Regression toward the mean

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The tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.

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Meta-analysis

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A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

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Evidence-based practice

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Clinical decision- making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

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Biomedical therapy

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Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.

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Psychopharmacology

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The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

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Antipsychotic drugs

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Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

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Tardive dyskinesia

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Involuntary moments of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxin side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors.

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Antianxiety drugs

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Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.

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Antidepressant drugs

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Drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by alternating the availability of various neurotransmitters.

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Electroconvulsive therapy

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A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patients.

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

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(rTMS) the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

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Psychosurgery

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Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in effort to change behavior.

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Lobotomy

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A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

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psychological disorders

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deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

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a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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medical model

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the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured, often through treatment in a hospital

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DSM-IV-TR

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a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

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anxiety disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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generalized anxiety disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

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phobia

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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions

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post-traumatic stress disorder

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an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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post-traumatic growth

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positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

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stimulus generalization

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i.e. when a person attacked by a dog begins to fear all dogs

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somatoform disorder

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psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

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conversion disorder

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a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

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hypochondriasis

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a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

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dissociative disorders

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disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

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dissociative identity disorder

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a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

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mood disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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major depressive disorder

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a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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mania

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a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

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bipolar disorder

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a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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norepinephrine and serotonin

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neurotransmitters that are scarce during depression

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anterior cingulate cortex

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there is an excessive activity in this part of the brain with people who have OCD

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schizophrenia

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a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

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delusions

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false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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linkage analysis

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genetic study that looks for associations between psychological disorders and physical disorders for which genetic causes are known

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hippocampus

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part of the brain that is prone to stress-related damage in depressed people

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left frontal lobe

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part of the brain that is less active in depressed people and is sometimes smaller

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norepinephrine

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drugs reduce this in people who have mania but drugs increase this in people who have depression

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flat affect

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significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction displayed in people with schizophrenia

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catatonia

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a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous (still) state for long periods

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positive symptoms

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what the symptoms are called in schizophrenic people who display inappropriate behavior

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negative symptoms

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what the symptoms are called in schizophrenic people who have toneless voices and expressionless faces

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chronic schizophrenia

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schizophrenia that develops slowly and is harder to cure

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acute schizophrenia

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schizophrenia that develops quickly and is easier to cure

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psychopathology

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the study of mental illness

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etiology

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the cause of a disease

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Phillipe Pinel

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psychologist who unchained inmates at the asylum, believed in treating them with dignity and respect and talking to them

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1. abnormal 2. disrupt your life

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2 requirements that must be met to be considered mentally ill

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affective disorders

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mood-related disorders, like depression

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cognitive therapy

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therapy that changes the way one thinks in order to cure a disease

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neuroscience

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branch of psychology whose treatment for a disease involves using antidepressants

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thalamus

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part of the brain that is smaller in people with schizophrenia; accounts for difficulty in filtering sensory input and focusing attention

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personality disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

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avoidant personality disorder

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personality disorder in which one expresses anxiety and being withdrawn

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schizoid personality disorder

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personality disorder in which one expresses eccentric behaviors (i.e. emotionless disengagement)

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histrionic personality disorder

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personality disorder in which one is very attention-seeking and flirtatious

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narcissistic personality disorder

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personality disorder in which one is self-focused and self-inflating

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antisocial personality disorder

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a personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members

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frontal lobe

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part of the brain with reduced activity found in murderers

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agoraphobia

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fear of open and new places

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neuroses

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mild emotional disturbances that impair judgement

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psychoses

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severe mental disorders that interfere with a perception of reality