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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Freud
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Psychosexual Theory: Behavior and problems are the result of experiences early in life (first 5 yrs). Adult personality is a result of conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality. He is a stage theorist and there are 5 stages. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
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Erikson
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Psychosocial Theory: Primary motivation for human behavior is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people. Development change occurs throughout the life span. He is a stage theorist with 8 stages.
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Behaviorism
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To study scientifically only what can be directly observed and measured.
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B.F. Skinner’s Operant conditioning
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Consequences of behavior, and reward and punishments shape development.
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Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
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Behavior, environment, and cognitive are the key factors in development. Observational learning (imitation).
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Cognitive theory/Piaget
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Children go through 4 stages of cognitive development:
1. Sensorimotor stage: from birth to age 2, experience the world through movement and senses. 2. Preoperational stage: from ages 2 to 7, motor skills are acquired. 3. Concrete operational stage: from ages 7 to 11, concrete thinking. 4. Formal operational stage: from age 11-16, abstract reasoning. |
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Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
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Emphasize how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. Cognitive development involves language, mathematical systems, and memory strategies.
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Eclectic approach
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This doesn’t follow any one theoretical approach but rather presents what are considered the best features of each theory.
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The Life-Span Perspective
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pattern of movement that begins at conception and continues through the human life span. We all develop. We are partly like all other some and no other individuals. It is multidirectional, multidimensional, multidisciplinary, plastic and contextual.
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Development Is Contextual
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Contexts include families, schools, peer groups, churches, cities, neighborhoods, and more.
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Periods of Development
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Prenatal period, infancy, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood.
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Mitosis
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reproduction of cells
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Meiosis
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Cell division that form eggs and sperm.
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Fertilization
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The egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell called a zygote.
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Sources of Variability
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Combining genes of 2 parents increases genetic variability in the population.
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Dominant Gene
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One gene of a pair always exerts its effects.
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Recessive Gene
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Exerts its influence only if the two genes of a pair are both recessive.
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SIDS
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When an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and dies suddenly without an apparent cause.
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Breast Feeding Versus Bottle-Feeding
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Breast-feeding is better. Not likely for child to be obese, and fewer gastrointestinal infections. Breast-feeding means that there is less likely a chance of breast cancer for mother.
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Crying
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basic, angry, and pain cry.
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Smiling
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Reflexive and social smile.
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Fear (Babies)
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One of the baby’s earliest emotions is fear. Stranger anxiety is included in fear.
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Attachment
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A close emotional bond between 2 people.
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Securely attached
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when parent is there the baby explores, and when the parent leaves that baby may protest mildly, and when the caregiver returns the baby has a positive reaction.
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Insecure avoidant
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Show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver. Engage in little interaction with the caregiver.
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Insecure resistant
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Often cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness.
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Insecure disorganized
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These babies are disorganized and disoriented. Show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.
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At birth the brain weight is about __ of adult brain weight.
By 2nd birthday it is about __ of adult brain weight. |
25%
75% |
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Cerebral Cortex
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Wrinkled outer layer of brain
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Lateralization
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Specialization of function in one hemisphere or the other.
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Language
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Not controlled exclusively by left hemisphere.
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Prefrontal Cortex
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The area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur.
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Gross Motor Skills
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Skills that involve large-muscles.
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Centration
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The focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.
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Types of Child Maltreatment
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Physical Abuse
Child Neglect Sexual Abuse Emotional Abuse |
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Analytical Intelligence
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The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.
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Creative Intelligence
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Ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine.
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Practical Intelligence
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Ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice.
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Exercise
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Routine physical activity should be a daily occurrence. Recommended 2 hours a day.
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Children’s friendships can serve 6 functions
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Companionship
Stimulation Physical support Ego support Social companionship Affection Intimacy |
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Puberty
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period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence.
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The Brain - Adolescence
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amygdala matures before the pre-frontal cortex. Corpus Callosum thickens I adolescence, and improves ability to process information.
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Causes of Delinquency
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hereditary, identity problems, community influences, and family experiences.
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Markers of Becoming an Adult
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Holding a part-time/full-time job, and economic independence.
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Romantic Love
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This is also called passionate love. This has strong components of sexuality and infatuation.
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Affectionate Love
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Also called companionate love, is the type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep caring affection for the person.
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Rapport Talk
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This is the language of conversation; it is the way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.
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Report Talk
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Talk that is designed to give information, which includes public speaking.
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Changing Midlife
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Most 50 yr. olds are in better shape than 40 yr. olds a generation or two ago. Middle age is starting later and lasting longer.
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Hormonal Changes in Middle-Aged Men
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There is a modest-decline in their sexual hormone level and activity. Lower levels of testosterone.
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Hormonal Changes in Middle-Aged Men
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Menopause, when a woman’s menstrual periods completely cease.
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Expertise
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Having extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain. Usually acquired in middle-adulthood.
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Health Treatment
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Nursing homes.
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Work
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Adjusting to retirement.
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Alzheimer’s
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A progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functions.
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Dementia
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Deterioration of mental functioning. Often lose the ability to care for themselves and lose the ability to recognize familiar surroundings.
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Stereotyping of Older Adults
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Ageism: Which is prejudice against others because of their age.
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Eldercare
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Physical and emotional caretaking of older members of the family.
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