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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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psychological disorder
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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attention-deficit disorder
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a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
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medical model
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the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
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DSM-IV-TR
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the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with an updated “text revision”; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
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anxiety disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
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generalized anxiety disorder
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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
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panic disorder
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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
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phobia
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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).
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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
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post-traumatic growth
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positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
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somatoform disorder
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psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
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conversion disorder
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a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
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hypochondriasis
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a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
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dissociative disorders
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disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
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mood disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
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major depressive disorder
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a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
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mania
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a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
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bipolar disorder
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a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
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schizophrenia
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a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
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delusions
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false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
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personality disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patters that impair social functioning
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antisocial personality disorder
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a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
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eclectic approach
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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
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psycotherapy
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treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
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psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist’s interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
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resistance
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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material
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interpretation
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in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
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transference
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in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).
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psychodynamic therapy
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therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight
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insight therapies
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a variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses
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client-centered therapy
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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
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active listening
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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy
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unconditional positive regard
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a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance
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behavior therapy
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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
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counterconditioning
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a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
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exposure therapies
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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
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systematic desensitization
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a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias
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virtual reality exposure therapy
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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
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aversive conditioning
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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).
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token economy
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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
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cognitive therapy
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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
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cognitive-behavior therapy
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a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).
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family therapy
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therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
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regression toward the mean
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the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average
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meta-analysis
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a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
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evidence-based practice
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clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
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biomedical therapy
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prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system
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psychopharmacology
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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
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antipsychotic drugs
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drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
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tardive dyskinesia
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involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipscyhotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
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antianxiety drugs
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drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
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antidepressant drugs
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drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
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the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
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psychosurgery
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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
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lobotomy
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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
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social psychology
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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attribution theory
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the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
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fundamental attribution error
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the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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attitude
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feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people. and events
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central route to persuasion
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occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
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peripheral route to persuasion
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occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness
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foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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role
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a set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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cognitive dissonance theory
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the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
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conformity
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adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group or standard
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normative social influence
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influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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informational social influence
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influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
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social facilitation
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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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social loafing
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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deindividualism
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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
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group polarization
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the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
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group think
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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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prejudice
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an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
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sterotype
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a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
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discrimination
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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and it members.
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ingroup
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“Us” - people with whom we share a common identity
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outgroup
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“Them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
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ingroup bias
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the tendency to favor our own group
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scapegoat theory
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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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other-race effect
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the tendency to recall faces of one’s own face more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias
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just-world phenomenon
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the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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aggression
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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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frustration-aggression principle
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the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
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mere-exposure effect
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the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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passionate love
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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
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companionate love
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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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equity
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a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
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self-disclosure
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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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altruism
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unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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bystander effect
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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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social exchange theory
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the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
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reciprocity norm
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an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
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social-responsibility norm
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an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.
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conflict
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a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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social trap
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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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mirror-image perceptions
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mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
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superordinate goals
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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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GRIT
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Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
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