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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intelligence Quotient
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Systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence
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sir Francis Galton
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intelligence is a byproduct of sensory capacity
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language
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largely arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols in rule-based ways to create meaning
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4 different levels of language analysis
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Phonemes, morphemes, syntax, extralinguistic information
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Phonemes
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sounds of our language (sounds)
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morphemes
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smallest units of speech that are meaningful (words)
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syntax
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grammatical rules that govern how we compose words into meaningful strings (sentences)
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Extralinguistic information
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social contest, prior statements by others, nonverbal cues of speaker
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broca's area
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involved in speech production
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Wernicke's area
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involved in speech comprehension
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different types of animal communication
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scent marking, visual displays, location of food
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in animals, communication is most common
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with aggression and mating
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thinking
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any mental activity or processing of information including learning, remembering, perceiving, feeling, believing, and deciding
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categories
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collections of real or imagined objects, actions, and characteristics that share core properties
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availability heuristic
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mis-estimation of how probable an event is based on the ease of generating an example
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confirmation bias
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seeking evidence consistent with our views while ignoring or distorting contrary evidence
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correlation = causation fallacy
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concluding that if two behaviors are related one caused that other
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hindsight bias
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believing in retrospect that an outcome was much more likely than it was
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ignoring base rates
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failing to take into account the overall likelihood of an event when estimating is likelihood in a specific instance
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problem solving
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generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal
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functional fixedness
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difficulty conceptualizing that an object used for one purpose can be used for another
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mental sets
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phenomenon of becoming stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy, inhibiting our ability to generate alternatives
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challenges in problem solving
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mental state and functional fixedness
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who made the first intelligence test
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alfred Binet and henri simon
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the first intelligence test consisted of what content
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object naming, word meanings, drawing pictures from memory, completing incomplete sentences, constructing a sentence from 3 words,
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abstract thinking
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the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts, rather than concepts in the here-and-now
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intelligence consists of the abilities to
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reason abstractly, adapt to novel environmental circumstances, acquire knowledge, benefit form experience
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little g or general intelligence
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hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
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s or specific abilities
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particular ability level in a narrow domain
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fluid intelligence
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the capacity to learn new problems
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crystallized intelligence
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the accumulated knowledge of the world over time
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fluid and crystallized intelligence was was found by
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Raymond Cattell
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who came up with the multiple intelligence theory
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Howard Gardener
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what are the 8 intelligences of howards theory
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linguistic, logico-math, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic
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linguistic intelligence
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speak and write well
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logico-math intelligence
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use logic and moth skills to solve problems, such as scientific questions
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musical intelligence
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perform, understand, and enjoy music
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bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
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manipulate the body in sports, dance, or other physical endeavors
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interpersonal intelligence
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understand and interact effectively with others
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intrapersonal intelligence
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understand and possess insight into self
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naturalistic intelligence
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recognize, identify , and understand animals, plants, and other living things
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who created the triarchic model
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robert sternberg
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triarchic model has what 3 intelligences
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analytical, practical, creative
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analytical intelligence
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the ability to reason logically
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practical intelligence
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ability to solve real world problems
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creative intelligence
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ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions
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IQ test
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metal age/ chronological age
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who created the iq test
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Wilhelm Stern
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deviation IQ
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expression of a person's IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers
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mental retardation involves
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prior to adulthood, IQ below approximately, inadequate adaptive functioning
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causes of retardation
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fragile x syndrome...200 causes
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environmental influences on IQ
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birth order, schooling, early intervention, expectancy effects, poverty
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causes of flynn effect
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increased test sophistication, increased complexity of the modern world, better nutrition, changes at home and school
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divergent thinking
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the capacity to generate many solutions to problems
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convergent thinking
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the capacity to find the single best solution to a given problem
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emotional intelligence
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the ability to understand our emotions and those of others
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wisdom
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the application of intelligence toward a common good
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developmental psychology
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the study of how behavior changes over time
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cross sectional design
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examine people of different ages at a single time point
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longitudinal design
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track the development of the same group of people over time
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gene-environment interaction
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the impact of genes depends on the environment in which the behavior develops
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nature via nurture
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genetic predispositions can drive us to select and create particular environments
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gene expression
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some genes turn on only in response to specific environmental events
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zygote
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fertilized egg
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blastocyst
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ball of identical cells, each with no specific function
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embryo
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second week through eighth week after conception, when limbs, facial features, and major organs take shape
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fetus
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ninth week of development through birth during which physical maturation occurs
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teratogen
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environmental factor that can harm development
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reflexes
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automatic motor behaviors, often present at birth
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motor behaviors
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self initiated body movements
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four stages of cognitive development in piaget's theory
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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
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object permanence
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knwing an object exists even when you cannot see it
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egocentrism
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inability to see the world form others' perspective
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conservation
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despite transformation, the amount remains the same
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lack deferred imitation
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an inability to perform an action that the child observed previously
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theory of mind
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the ability to reason about what other people know or believe
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stranger anxiety
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a fear of strangers developing around 8 months
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attachment
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strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest
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imprinting
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phenomenon observed in birds in which babies begin to follow around and attach themselves to any large moving object in the vicinity during the hours immediately after hatching
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contact comport
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positive emotions afforded by touch
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average expectable environment
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one that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline
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assimilation
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the process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures
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sensorimotor stage
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no thought beyond immediate physical experiences
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preoperational stage
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able to think beyond the here and now, but egocentric and unable to perform mental transformations
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concrete operations
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able to perform mental transformations but only on concrete physical objects
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formal operations
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able to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning
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