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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Development
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Changes over time
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Child Development
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the scientific study of change and stability in the child's biological, cognitive, social, and emotional functioning across the span of childhood
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Physcial
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growing, brain development
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Cognitive
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How we think, remember
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Social/Emotional
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interaction, involvement
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Periods of Development IN ORDER
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Prenatal (conception-birth)
Infancy and toddlerhood (birth-2) Early Childhood (2-6) Middle Childhood (6-11) Adolescence (11-20) |
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Prenatal
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most rapid phase of change
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Infancy and toddlerhood
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changes in body and brain
physical, cognitive, social/emotional developments |
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Early childhood
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more independent, morality, friendship, imagination
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Middle childhood
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responsibility, learn to read, understanding grows
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Adolescence
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puberty, sexual maturity, identity, abstract thought
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Main Issues and Themes
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Nature vs. Nurture
Continuity vs. Discontinuity Universal vs. individual Differences Passive vs. Active Child |
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Nature vs. Nurture
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genes vs. environment (interaction)
Locke- tabula rasa: blank slate, behaviorism Rousseau-noble savage: innate goodness |
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Continuity vs. Discontinuity
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Gradual (quantitative change)
vs. stage like development (qualitative change) |
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Universal vs. Individual Differences
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Many vs. One
All children will learn regardless of culture and experience to speak and to interact (or not) but in different, multilayered ways |
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Passive vs. Active Child
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Sponge or active?
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Developmental Theories
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Psychoanalytic
Behavioral and Social Learning Cognitive Biological Systems |
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Psychoanalytic (psychosexual)
Freud |
Id, Ego, Superego
Psychosexual: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent (social), Genital |
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Psychosocial
Erikson |
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (Oral)
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (Anal) Initiative vs. guilt (phallic) Industry vs. Inferiority (Latency) Identity vs. identity confusion (genital) Intimacy vs. isolation (emerging adulthood-after adolescence) Generativity vs. stagnation (adulthood) Integrity vs. despair (old age) |
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Behavioral vs. Social Learning
Pavlov/Watson |
Classical Conditioning (CS, US, CR, UR) association
Little Albert (conditioned fear/extinction) rabbit produces fear |
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Behavioral vs. Social Learning
Skinner |
Operant Conditioning:
positive reinforcement negative reinforcement punishment REINFORCEMENT=increase behavior |
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Behavioral vs. Social Learning
Bandura |
Social Learning Theory
observation, imitation, vicarious reinforcement includes cognition MORE LIKLEY TO IMITATE ACTION OBSERVED IF THE MODEL IS REINFORCED OR THERE IS A RELATION TO THE MODEL |
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Stances of Major Theories
Psychoanalytic perspective |
discontinuous development, one course of development, both nature and nurture are important
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Stances of Major Theories
Behaviorism and social learning theory*as |
continuous development, many possible courses of development, nurture over nature
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Stances of Major Theories
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory* |
discontinuous development, one course of development, both nature and nurture are important
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Stances of Major Theories
Information Processing |
Continuous, one course, both nature and nurture
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Stances of Major Theories
Ethology and evolutionary developmental psychology |
both continuous and discontinuous, one course, both nature and nurture
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Stances of Major Theories
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory |
both continuous and discontinuous, one course, both nature and nurture
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Stances of Major Theories
Ecological systems theory |
not specified, many possible courses, both nature and nurture
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Stances of Major Theories
Dynamic systems perspective |
both continuous and discontinuous, many possible courses, both nature and nurture
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Systems-Ecological
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Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem
CHILDREN ARE PRODUCERS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR ENVIRONMENTS |
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Microsystem
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chid and immediate surroundings
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Mesosystem
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interactions between microsystems
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Exosystem
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social setting that affect child
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Macrosystem
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culture, laws, customs, resources
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Chronosysteem
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temporal dimension (growing older, life events)
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Important terms and concepts for Research Methods
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Hypothesis, Reliability, Validity (internal and external)
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Hypothesis
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question you are going to ask
prediction based from a theory |
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Reliability
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repeatability, similar results from various tests
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Internal Validity
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appropriate measures, predicitability
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External Validity
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generalizability, can you draw conclusions about the population from the tests
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Ethics
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Informed consent, limited deception-no harm (approval of IRU, privacy/anonymity, right to terminate participation, debriefing
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Types of Research Methods
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Descriptive, Correlation, Experimental
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Types of Research Methods
Descriptive |
observations, self reports, case studies, surveys
LIMITATIONS: observer bias, response bias, demand characteristics, observer influence, can't infer causation, tedious |
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Types of Research Methods
Correlatation |
r, + or -,
Magnitude-how strong the relationship is (1-highest, 0-lowest) Direction-sign of r examples: GPA, SAT scores Spurious correlations (confounds)-third variable Correlation not = causation-more aggressive children watch tv |
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Types of Research Methods
Experimental |
Experimenter has more control
Independent (what we are testing) and dependent (outcome) variables Random sampling/assignments Comparison of different groups Holding other variables constant/ Matching Cross sectional Longitudinal |
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Genes and Heredity
Inheritance |
Dominant/Rcessive
Combined/Codominant Intermediate Sex-linked (carried on either the X or Y) |
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Chromosomes
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store and transmit genetic info
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Somatic Cells
Sex Cells |
23 pairs of autosomes each (mitosis)
23 single chromosomes each (meiosis) |
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Genes
Alleeles |
Segment of DNA along chromosome
2 or more forms of gene (1 from each parent) heterozygous or homozygous |
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Genotype
Phenotype |
Actual code (Bb)
Appearance (Brown) |
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Chromosomal Abnormalities
Down Syndrome |
Trisomy 21
caused by 3 21st chromosomes distinct physical features MR, below avg intelligence (speech, vocab, motor problems) |
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Chromosomal Abnormalities
MIssing or Extra |
XXY males-relativlty normal
XXX females-tall, impaired speech/verbal intelligence, otherwise normal |
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Chromosomal Abnormalities
Missing or Extra cont'd |
Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY male)
sterile, impaired speech, don't get normal sex characteristics Turner Syndrome (XO female) short, webbed neck, sterile, do not develop normally at puberty, impaired speech/vocab intelligence |
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Prenatal Screening and Genetic Testing
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Ultrasonography (ultrasound), Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
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Ultrasound
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passes sound waves to produce picture
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Amniocentesis
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fluid from amniotic cells to determine disease, risk of miscarriage (14th week)
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Chorionic villus sampling
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miscarriage twice as likely as Amniocentiisis, cells from chorionic layer of the placenta (8th week)
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Gene-Environment Interactions
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Range of reaction-unique response too environment based on genetic makeup
Canalization-learning to walk, talk Gene-environment correlations-genes influence the environment PASSIVE, EVOCATIVE/REACTIVE, ACTIVE |
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Behavioral Genetics
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heritability-proportion of VARIABILITY in a behavior that can be attributed to genetic factors
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genetic variance and environmental variance
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h2=genetic variance
range=0-1 if all genes, h2=1 if all environment, h2=0 |
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Methods of Studying Genetic and Environmental Contributions
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Family Studies
Twin Studies Adoption Studies (parent-child, sibling) Combination twin/adoption studies |
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Family Studies
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Closer, more similar
1st degree-50% 2nd degree-25% 3rd-12.5% Unrelated-0% |
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Twin Studies
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MZ (identical)-100%
DZ (fraternal)-50% |
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Adoption Studies
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Parents-gene only 50%, environ. only 0%
Siblings-genes + environ. 50%, environ. only 0% |
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Prenatal Development
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Germinal:fertilization-implantation 0-14
Embryonic:3-8 weeks Fetal:8-birth |
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Embryonic
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2 weeks: forms tube
3 weeks: heart beats 4 weeks: arms, legs, eyes 6-8 weeks: human-like, yolk sac disintegrates |
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Ectoderm
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outer layer of the embryo-nervous system, skin
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Mesoderm
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mid layer, circulatory system, skeleton, muscles
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Endoderm
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inner respiratory system, digestive tract
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Embryonic Stage cont'd
Placenta |
separates mom's and fetus' blood, exchanges nutrients and waste
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Embryonic Stage cont'd
Umbilical Cord |
delivers nutrients, removes waste, connects fetus to placenta
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Embryonic Stage cont'd
Organogenis |
structures differentiate and form (morning sickness)
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Embryonic Stage cont'd
Sensitive Periods |
biologically prepared, development may be disturbed LORENZ
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Embryonic Stage cont'd
Teratogens |
substances/factors that may cause birth defects
prenatal death-0-2 weeks major structural abnormalities:3-7 weeks physical defects and minor structural abnormalities: 8-38 weeks |
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prenatal development
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9 weeks:nervous system, movement, heartbeat
10 weeks:ultrasound 11 weeks:stepping reflex; 3 inches long 12 weeks:can tell sex 4 months:feel for space and himself in it, brain control 18 weeks:digestive system active |
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Prenatal Devlop. Stages cont'd
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17-20:vernix (protective coating around skin) and lanugo (helps stick vernix to skin)
5 months:fingerprints, second ultrasound 6 months: age of viability 24 weeks: gains 5 lbs before birth 38-40 weeks: birth (7.5lbs, 21inches) |
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brain cells stages
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cell proliferation-all cells identical and multiplying
cell migration-cells moving to the environment where they will be used cell differentiation-cells form connections and develop cell death-50% brain cells die |
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types of growth:
Cephalocaudal Proximodistal |
head to tail
inside out (heart before limbs) |