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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nonverbal mental representations of a sensory experience- can be exceptionally powerful
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mental images
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mental categories for classifying specific people, things, or events
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concepts
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a mental model containing the most typical features of a concept
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prototype. Rosch
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seldom perfect models
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prototypes
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the answer is that we decide what is most probably or most sensible, given the facts at hand
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degree of category membership. Rosch
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flexible system of symbols that enables us to communicate our ideas, thoughts, and feelings
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lanugage
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general or global stereotyped communications about the animal's current state
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signs
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underlies analytical thinking
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displacement
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the ability to add new communications
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productivity
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the basic sound unites of a language that indicate changes in meaning
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phonemes
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the smallest meaningful units of speech, such as simple words, prefixes, and suffixes
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morphemes
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the language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combines and used to communicate meaning within a language
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grammar
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rules for arranging words into grammatical phrases and sentences
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syntax
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criteria for assigning meaning to meanings
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semantics
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particular words/phrases used to make up a sentence
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surface structure
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underlying meaning of a sentence
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deep structure
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who greatly influenced psychologists' understanding of syntax and semantics
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Noam Chompsky
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3 basic cries
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hunger, anger, and pain
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vowel-like sounds infants produce beginning around age 2-3 months
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cooing stage
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vowel- consonant combinations that infants begin to produce at about age 4-6 months
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babbling stage
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begins around the end of the baby's first year. baby starts to understand sound if related to meaning
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linguistic stage
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overly broad use of word to include objects that do not fit word's meaning
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overextension
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around 2, most kinds are using this 2 or 3 word sentences or young children that contain only most necessary words
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telegraphic speech
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applying rules of grammar to cases that are exceptions to rule
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overgeneralization
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general capacity to profit fro experience, acquire knowledge, and adapt to changes in environment
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intelligence
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general intelligence factor, g. Intelligence test scores also included measurement error and s- specific factor related to tests. S is fairly dependent on g
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Spearman's two factor theory
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aspects of intelligence at least partly independent of g- group factors
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Thurstone and groups factors
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language abilities, vocabulary, how easily things manipulate language
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verbal comprehension
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ability to quickly generate/manipulate a large number of words with specific characteristics
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word fluency
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ability to add small numbers, multiply, divide
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number
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spatial abilities, read a map
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space
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how quickly you can memorize pieces of information. Memory skills
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associative memory
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how quickly you process mutual information
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Perceptual speed
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measures you are how good you are at scientific thought
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reasoning
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different aspects of g
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R.B. Cattell and Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence
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ability to see relationships- it reflects an inherent capacity to learn. learning material
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fluid intelligence
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what you actually know; your store of knowledge
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crystallized intelligence
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g is broken down into 2 major groups factors
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Vernon's Hierarchical Model
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verbal abilities, reading influencing, vocabulary
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verbal- education
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perception speech
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spatial- motor
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saw 180 different types of intelligence; doesn't accept a g.
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Guilford's structure of intellect model
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x- dimension, thinking and evaluation
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operations
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y-dimension, visual, auditory, symbolic information
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contents
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z-dimension, units, classes, relations
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products
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dissatisfied with traditional IQ test. Came up with 8 types of intelligence
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Gardner's Theory of Multiple intelligence
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ability to form math operations, scientific reasoning
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logical-mathematical intelligence
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ability to navigate in your environment
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spatial intelligence
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ability to perceive and create pitch and rhythm
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musical intelligence
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surgeons, fine motor movement
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body-kinesthetic intelligence
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ability to understand natural phenomenon
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naturalistic intelligence
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ability to understand their motivations and manipulate other people
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interpersonal intelligence
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ability to understand yourself and your own motivations. Disregarding the g intirely
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intrapersonal intelligence
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low level of intelligence
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savants
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general learning and comprehension abilities
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Sternberg's Triarchic Model
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general learning and comprehension abilities
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analytical intelligence
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ability to select, encode, compare, and combine information in meaningful ways to create new insights, theories, and ideas. Thinking outside the box
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creative intelligence
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adaptive behavior in the real world. Street smarts
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practical intelligence
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machines used to measure sensory thresholds/ reaction times
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Brass instruments era
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father of mental testing. thought measures of sensorimotor activity indicate intelligence
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Sir Francis Galton
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first to use term "mental test"
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Cattell
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sensoimotor scores were unrelated to academic achievement
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Wissler
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before 19th century, dealt with developmentally delayed/ insane by warehousing them
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classification of the developmentally delayed
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people began pushing for reforms in what century
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19th
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pointed out that there were may different levels of retardation
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Esquirol
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showed that mentally handicapped could benefit from sensorimotor training
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Seguin
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wanted to provide extensive education for all intelligent children and more practical, less academic kinds of schooling for less intelligent children
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Ministry of Public Instruction
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devised a test to sort out children according to intelligence
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Alfred Binet
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revisions were made by this man, he was of Standford University, and name was changed to Stanford-Binet
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Lewis Terman
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first to use IQ
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Lewis Terman
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calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100
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IQ
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American Psychological Association appointed a committee, headed by Yerkes, to come up with a simple way to classify soldiers
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Group Intelligence Testing
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written test that could be given to large groups, provided rouge estimate of intelligence
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Army Alpha
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non-verbal test for illiterates and those that did not speak English. Also could be administered to groups
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Army Beta
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what you know about a specific area
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achievement tests
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cumulative knowledge, skills, and abilities everything they've gathered
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aptitude tests
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"I should be able to change the specific questions without changing the usefulness of the test overall. Your score should not depend on your answers to very specific questions, I should be able to mix things up and still get the same idea"
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Spearman
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want the test to be reliable so you can have faith in the results. Same score over different testing occasions, consistency, easy to achieve
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reliability
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the test measures what it claims to measure, IQ test should measure your IQ, should be a little more difficult to achieve than reliability
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validity
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average scored of different populations
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norms
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everyone is tested under similar conditions, same amount of time, same sets of instructions, how they were tested should not interfere with the score
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procedures
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differences in the extent to which the person being tested has had to opportunity to know and become familiar with the specific subject matter or specific processes required by the test item
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cultural bias
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