Psyc Chapter 3

Front 1

short-lived memory process

Back 1

sensory memory

Front 2

visual memory

Back 2

iconic memory

Front 3

auditory memory

Back 3

echoic memory

Front 4

temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to long-term memory

Back 4

short term memory

Front 5

an entirely different process from long term memory

Back 5

working memory

Front 6

idea that short term memory works with higher cognitive processes, such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension

Back 6

concept of working memory

Front 7

a process of limited capacity and only operative over a few seconds

Back 7

short term memory

Front 8

proposed a model of working memory that involved three distinct subsystems

Back 8

Allen Baddeley

Front 9

draws upon speech resources

Back 9

phonological loop

Front 10

acts like a buffer to hold verbal information

Back 10

phonological store

Front 11

system akin to an artist's sketch for stimuli that cannot be verbalized, such as spatial information

Back 11

visuospatial sketchpad

Front 12

system responsible for supervisory attentional control and cognitive processing. Decides which information will be attended to

Back 12

Central executive

Front 13

capacity is virtually limitless and its duration is relatively permanent

Back 13

long term memory

Front 14

provides the framework to which we attach new knowledge

Back 14

LTM

Front 15

mental models of knowledge. Everything you know about a particular subject

Back 15

schemas

Front 16

translating information into neural codes

Back 16

encoding

Front 17

retaining neurally coded information over time

Back 17

storage

Front 18

recovering information from memory storage

Back 18

retrieval

Front 19

concentration/focusing mental resources

Back 19

attention

Front 20

conscious repetition of information over time- increases length of time that info stays in memory

Back 20

rehearsal

Front 21

linking new information to previously stored material

Back 21

deep processing

Front 22

if we organize information into meaningful units as we encode it, we'll remember it better

Back 22

organization

Front 23

memories for event experienced in a specific time and place

Back 23

episodic memories

Front 24

facts and concepts not linked to a particular time

Back 24

semantic memories

Front 25

motor skills and habits

Back 25

procedural memories

Front 26

learned emotional responses to various stimuli

Back 26

emotional memories

Front 27

can declare what we know. Episodic and semantic memories

Back 27

explicit memory

Front 28

because you can't easily state what you know. Procedural and emotional memories

Back 28

implicit memory

Front 29

refers to the u-shaped pattern of performance on a free recall task when recall is plotted as a function of word position

Back 29

serial position effect

Front 30

participants given 20 or more words in a row then asked to recall list. Recalled the first items on the list

Back 30

free recall task

Front 31

refers to the relatively good recall of the first items or primary items on the list

Back 31

primary effect

Front 32

refers to the relatively good recall of the last items or most recent items on the list

Back 32

recency effect

Front 33

continuous, nonstop practice

Back 33

massed practice

Front 34

practice spread over time with rest periods interspersed. More effective. Reduction of fatigue, more associations with what you already know

Back 34

distributed practice

Front 35

forgetting is caused by physical changes in a memory trace that weaken it or reduce the amount of information that is stored in it

Back 35

decay theory

Front 36

forgetting is caused by competition from other events that are encoded in to memory, which in turn makes a given memory one is trying to retrieve more difficult to access

Back 36

interference theory

Front 37

prior events make later memories more difficult to retrieve

Back 37

proactive interference

Front 38

recent events make prior memories more difficult to retrieve

Back 38

retroactive interference

Front 39

there are mental mechanisms that make us forget unpleasant or painful facts

Back 39

motivated-forgetting theory

Front 40

person tried to forget a painful memory; still aware that even occurred

Back 40

suppression

Front 41

literally removes unpleasant memories from consciousness; person unaware that event ever occurred

Back 41

repression

Front 42

perceived information is not successfully encoded by working memory for entry into long-term memory

Back 42

retrieval failure theory

Front 43

subjects know that they know a word, can ever describe it or "see" it, but cannot correctly produce it at proper time

Back 43

tip-of-the-tongue theory

Front 44

occurs when the skull makes a sudden collision with another object

Back 44

traumatic brain injury

Front 45

does not penetrate brain.

Back 45

closed head injury

Front 46

brain is injured when impact causes delicate brain tissues to hit rough, jagged what?

Back 46

inner surface of skull

Front 47

object penetrates skull or skull is fractured

Back 47

penetrating head injury

Front 48

loss of memory as a result of brain injury or trauma

Back 48

amnesia

Front 49

forgetting events after incidence of trauma or onset of disease

Back 49

anterograde amnesia

Front 50

forgetting events that occurred before incidence of trauma or onset of disease

Back 50

retrograde amnesia

Front 51

group of symptoms that are caused by changes in brain function

Back 51

dementia

Front 52

most common form of dementia among older people

Back 52

alzheimer disease

Front 53

abnormal clumps in the brain

Back 53

amyloid plaques

Front 54

tangled bundles of fiber

Back 54

neurofibillary tangles

Front 55

organizing and shaping of information during encoding and retrieval that may cause memory errors and distortions

Back 55

constructive process

Front 56

inability to recall source of information experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Back 56

source amnesia, aka- source confusion or source misattribution

Front 57

tendency to initially discount information form and unreliable source, later, we consider it more trustworthy because source is forgotten

Back 57

sleeper effect

Front 58

when eyewitnesses are later exposed to new and misleading information about an event, their recollections often become distorted

Back 58

eyewitness testimony

Front 59

recovered memories of satanic abuse

Back 59

Nadean Cool

Front 60

recovered memories of sexual abuse

Back 60

Beth Rutherford

Front 61

when we form memories, we store them with links to the way we thought about them at encoding. The closer the match between conditions at encoding and conditions at retrieval, the better out memory will be

Back 61

encoding specificity principle

Front 62

memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled

Back 62

context-dependent memory

Front 63

memory is helped or hindered by the match between your mood at the time of encoding and at the time of retrieval

Back 63

mood congruence effects

Front 64

keep studying information even after you feel you know it

Back 64

overlearning