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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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McCrae and Costa "Big Five" personality theory
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1. Openness to experience
2. Contentiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism |
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Psychodynamic Theory is based on:
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1. personality is based on unconsciousness
2. childhood experiences play a role 3. personality is shaped by children's coping skills with sexual urges |
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Freud argues in PT that personality is based on:
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id
ego superego |
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id
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primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle
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ego
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decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle
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superego
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the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right from wrong
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When do we use defense mechanisms in Freud's theory?
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when conflict arouses anxiety
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According to Freud, at what age is the adult personality formed?
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5
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fixation
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the result of a child not moving on to the next psychosexual stage
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psychosexual stages
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Oral
Anal Phallic Latency Genital |
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Jung's Analytical Psychology
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focused on unconscious but has two layers
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Name Jungs two layers
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personal unconscious
collective unconscious (traces from human kind) |
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archetypes
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emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning
found in collective unconscious |
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Who was the first to describe introversion and extroversion
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Jung
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What was Adler's individual psychology?
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human drive is not by sexuality but by personal superiority and we use compensation to do it
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What happens in Adler's theory if personal superiority isn't achieved?
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we get an inferiority complex
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Who proposed that birth order helped develop personality
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Adler
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How have psychodynamic theories contributed to psychology?
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*unconscious thoughts contribute to personality
*internal conflict acts on distress *childhood experiences influence personality *people rely on defense mechanisms to reduce unpleasant emotions |
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What are the main criticisms of psychodynamic theories?
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poor testability
inadequate evidence sexism |
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behaviorism
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theoretical orientation based on premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior
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How do behaviorists view personality?
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as a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various situations
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How do behaviorists think children's response tendencies are shaped?
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classical conditioning
operant conditioning observational learning |
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Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
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a type of learning which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (dog, bell, food)
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Skinner's Operant Conditioning
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a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
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Bandura's Observational Learning
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learning which occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others (models)
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Why is observational learning unique?
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requires that we observe other's behavior
understand the consequences store information |
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What theory stressed self efficacy?
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bandura's observational learning
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What are the criticisms of behavioral theories?
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dilution of behavioral approach
over dependence of animal research |
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Humanism
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a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans especially their free will and potential for personal growth
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What is the humanistic theory based on?
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*we have drive towards personal growth
*freedom to control actions *we are conscious of actions |
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Rogers Person Centered Theory
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the idea that personality has only one part: the self concept
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incongruence
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in the person centered theory, the self concept does not match actual experiences
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If a parents' love is unconditional, their self concept is ________
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congruent
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Maslow's Theory of Self Actualization
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believes that human motives are organized into a hierarchy of needs
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hierarchy of needs
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a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused
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What is the most important need in the hierarchy of needs
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self actualization
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self actualizing persons
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people who have extremely healthy personalities because of thier commitment to growth
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What are humanistic perspective credited with?
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identifying the self concept for developing personality
placed more emphasis on growth |
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What are the criticisms of humanistic approaches
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poor testability
unrealistic view of human nature inadequate evidence |
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Eysenck's Theory
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views personality as a gene
introversions extroversions |
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Eysenck's views on introverts
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they have a higher level physiological arousal stimulating social situations making them more easily conditioned than extraverts
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heritability ratio
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an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance
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Twin Studies show that heritability of personality traits are close to ___
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50%
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How much does a shared family environment account for personality traits?
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very little
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Evolutionary Approach to Personality
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examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations
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David Buss
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(EA to P) says that the 5 traits are present across a variety of cultures because they had significant adaptive values for humans
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Name the criticism for Evolutionary Psychological Perspectives
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problems with est. of hereditary influence
hindsight bias lack of full theory |
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national character
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concept that links specific cultures and personality traits
there's no real evidence |
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standardization
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uniform procedures that are used to administer and score a test
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norms
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can determine the ranks of a test result when compared to other tests
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What are used to test the personality tests?
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standardization
norms reliability validity |
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self report inventories
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ask individuals questions about characteristic behavior
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Name some common self report inventories
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16 personality factor questionnaire
NEO Inventory |
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16 personality factor questionnaire
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measures 16 basic "source traits"
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NEO inventory
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designed to measure the Big 5 Traits in research and clinical settings
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Projective Tests
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individuals respond to vague stimuli in ways that may reveal aspects of thier personality
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Name two common projective tests
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Rorschach test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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TAT
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respondent tells a story about the picture
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