Psyc 4031 Test 3

Front 1

refers to your ability to perceive the distance relationships with the visual scene

Back 1

distance perception

Front 2

refers to the distance of an object from you, the observer

Back 2

egocentric distance

Front 3

refers to how far two objects are from each other

Back 3

relative distance

Front 4

require only one eye to provide us with distance information

Back 4

monocular factors

Front 5

change in the shape of the ens in your eye as you focus on objects at different distances

Back 5

accomodation

Front 6

cues that artists can use to represent distance in a picture

Back 6

pictoral cues

Front 7

means that one object overlaps or party covers another

Back 7

interposition

Front 8

refer to the infuence of an object's size on distance estimates

Back 8

relative size

Front 9

an object's customary or standard size, used as a source of information in distance perception

Back 9

familiar size

Front 10

texture of surfaces becomes denser as the distance increases if we are viewing those surfaces from a slant

Back 10

texture gradient

Front 11

means that parallel lines appear to meet in the distance

Back 11

linear perspective

Front 12

refers to the observation that distant objects often look blurry and bluish, in contrast to nearby objects

Back 12

atmospheric perspective

Front 13

is a cue provided by the pattern of light and shadows

Back 13

shading

Front 14

the observation that objects near the horizon appear to be farther away from us than objects far from the horizon

Back 14

height cues

Front 15

refers to the fact that as you move your head sideways, objects at different distances appear to move in different directions and at different speeds.

Back 15

motion parallax

Front 16

which serves as an important component to gibson's theory. refers to the continous change in the way objects look as you move about in the world

Back 16

motion perspective

Front 17

a figure that looks fat when stationary but appears to have depth when it moves

Back 17

kinetic depth effect

Front 18

art which fools the eye by creating an impression of depth when the surface is realy just two-dimensional

Back 18

trompe l'oeil

Front 19

means that the eyes move together, to look at nearby objects

Back 19

converge

Front 20

refers to teh different info that arises at the two eyes

Back 20

binocular disparity

Front 21

ability provides info needed to judge depth binocularly

Back 21

stereopsis

Front 22

an imaginary curved line that can be drawn to represent al the points that are the same distance from the observer as the focal object

Back 22

horopter

Front 23

an area on and near the horopter in which the images of the object on the two retinas can be focused

Back 23

panum's area

Front 24

objects nearer to the viewer than to foca point create crossed diparity, with the image falling outside of the focal point on each retina

Back 24

crossed disparity

Front 25

a cue that objects are far from us

Back 25

uncrossed disparity

Front 26

are important for depth perception because they have high rates of electrical discharge when stimuli are registered on different areas of the two retinas

Back 26

disparity selective cells

Front 27

is a piece of equiptment that presents two photographs of a scene taken from slightly different viewpoints

Back 27

stereoscope

Front 28

consists of two pictures, one for the right eye and one for the left eye

Back 28

stereoscopic picture

Front 29

is a single image that contains binocular depth info when viewed appropriately

Back 29

autostereogram

Front 30

if the images presented to two eyes are too different, the cannot be fused

Back 30

binocular rivalry

Front 31

a philosophical approach stating that all info is derived from sensory perceptions and experiences

Back 31

empiricism

Front 32

nonvisual info that includes all the muscular info we receive as we interact with objects

Back 32

kinesthetic information

Front 33

theory that proposes that the perceiver has an internal constructive process that transforms the incoming stimulus into the perception

Back 33

contructivist theory

Front 34

argued the stimuls contains sufficient info to allow for correct perception

Back 34

Gibsonian approach

Front 35

distance perception depends on info provided by surfaces in the environment

Back 35

ground theory

Front 36

the change in the way things look as we move through space

Back 36

motion perspective

Front 37

actions one could perform with objects

Back 37

affordances

Front 38

minimum velocity that can be detected

Back 38

velocity detection threshold

Front 39

the pattern of movement of living things

Back 39

biological motion

Front 40

the complex pattern on our retinas where periphera objects move more rapidly than central objects.

Back 40

optic flow field

Front 41

the perception that you are moving when you are realy stationary--and other objects moving--

Back 41

self-motion illusion

Front 42

is the illusion of movement produced by rapid pattern of stimulation on different parts of the retina

Back 42

stroboscopic movement

Front 43

observers report that they see movement, yet they cannot perceive an actual object moving across the gap

Back 43

phi movement

Front 44

a display that shows only points of light at the joints of an organism.

Back 44

point-light display

Front 45

occurs when a stationary object, with no clear background, appears to move.

Back 45

autokinesis

Front 46

occurs when a visual frame of reference moves in one direction and produces the illusion that a stationary target is moving in the opposite direction.

Back 46

induced movement

Front 47

occur when you have been looking at a continuous movement and ook at a different surface. The new surface will seem to move in the opposite direction

Back 47

movement aftereffects

Front 48

the inability to perceive movement

Back 48

akinetopsia

Front 49

the visual system compares the movement registered on the retina with any signals the brain might have sent regarding eye movement

Back 49

corollary discharge theory

Front 50

process in which a moving object systematically covers up the background

Back 50

occlusion

Front 51

process in which a moving object systematically uncovers the background

Back 51

disocclusion

Front 52

means that an object seems to stay the same size despite changes in the object's retinal image.

Back 52

size constancy

Front 53

states that an afterimage projected on a more distant surface appears bigger than the same afterimage projected on a nearby surface

Back 53

emmert's law

Front 54

proposed explanation for constancy in which the observer arrives at a perception via a reasoning like process without conscious awareness

Back 54

unconscious inference

Front 55

theory of constancy in which the viewer calculates an object's perceived size by combining the object's retinal size and its perceived distance

Back 55

size-distance invariance hypothesis

Front 56

people notice the size of an object, compared to other objects

Back 56

relative-size explanation

Front 57

are aspects of perception that persist overtime and space and are left unchanged by certain kinds of transformations

Back 57

invariants

Front 58

means an object appears to stay the same shape despite changes in its orientation

Back 58

shape constancy

Front 59

a viewer calcuates objective shape by combining information about an object's retinal shape and its slant

Back 59

shape-slant invariance hypothesis

Front 60

refers to the proportion of light reflected by an object

Back 60

albedo

Front 61

refers to objects "out there" in the world, such as a page of print

Back 61

distal stimulus

Front 62

refers to the representation of objects in contact with a sense organ

Back 62

proximal stimulus

Front 63

the tendency for objects to stay the same despite changes in the way we view the objects

Back 63

constancy

Front 64

in the _____________ illusion two horizontal lines are actually the same length

Back 64

Muller-Lyer illusion

Front 65

states that observers perceptions are infuenced by parts of figures that are not being judged

Back 65

incorrect comparision explanation

Front 66

states that illusions can be explained by differences in actua eye movements or in preparations for eye movements

Back 66

eye-movement explanation

Front 67

is an unusually shaped room that causes distortions in apparent size because it is perceived as a normally shaped room

Back 67

ames room

Front 68

Due to the __________, observers generally report that the moom at the horizon looks about ____% bigger than the moon at zenith, or highest position

Back 68

moon illusion
30%

Front 69

proposes that both the sky and the ground are important referents when observers judge the size of the moon

Back 69

reference theory

Front 70

an illusion in which lines whose ends are separated by a constant amount will seem to be closer together when the lines are tilted

Back 70

spacing illusion

Front 71

line length illusion involving the diagonal lines in a parallelogram

Back 71

sander parallelogram

Front 72

an illusion occurs because observers interpret portions of the illusion as cues for maintaining size constancy

Back 72

misapplied constancy explanation

Front 73

an illusion shaped like an inverted t, in which the vertical line looks longer than the horizontal line

Back 73

horizontal vertical illusion

Front 74

we usually perceive the margins of a page as taking up litte room, but in fact they can take up over a third of the page

Back 74

margin illusion

Front 75

illusion in which two parallel lines the smae length appear to be different engths because of teh presence of depth cues

Back 75

ponzo illusion

Front 76

a simple sine wave

Back 76

pure tone

Front 77

number of cycles a sound wave completes in one second

Back 77

frequency

Front 78

the smallest amount of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time

Back 78

absolute thresholds

Front 79

the smalest change in a stimulus that can produce a difference that is noticable 50% of the time

Back 79

difference threshold

Front 80

tones that cannot be represented by one simple sine wave

Back 80

complex tones

Front 81

the maximum pressure change from normal

Back 81

amplitude

Front 82

indicates the angle in degrees at each phase or position , of the cycle

Back 82

phase angle

Front 83

fap of external tissue of the outer ear that slightly increases the sound amplitude

Back 83

pinna

Front 84

tube that runs inward from the pinna

Back 84

external auditory canal

Front 85

thin piece of membrance that vibrates in response to sound waves

Back 85

eardrum

Front 86

the smallest bones in the human body

Back 86

ossicles

Front 87

malleus, incus, stapes

Back 87

the ossicles

Front 88

connects the middle ear to the throat

Back 88

eustachian tube

Front 89

resistance to the passage of sound waves

Back 89

impedance

Front 90

when the impedances for two media differ

Back 90

impedance mismatch

Front 91

contains receptor for auditory stimuli, crucial for audition

Back 91

cochlea

Front 92

a membrane that covers an opening in the cochlea

Back 92

oval window

Front 93

the canal into which the stapes pushes

Back 93

vestibular canal

Front 94

at the far end of the vestibular canal is a tiny opening called the __________.

Back 94

helicotrema

Front 95

fluid flows through this second canal after the helicotrema

Back 95

tympanic canal

Front 96

tympanic canal has its own membrane covered opening called the _______________.

Back 96

round window

Front 97

is the smallest of the three canals in the cochlea and the one that houses the auditory receptors

Back 97

cochear duct

Front 98

the actual receptors for hearing

Back 98

hair cells

Front 99

the pattern of vibration within the basilar membrane is referred to as a

Back 99

travelling wave

Front 100

contains the receptors that trasduce the pressure energy from a sound wave into the kind of electrical and chemical energy that can be carried through the higher pathways in the auditory system.

Back 100

organ of Corti

Front 101

are arranged in a singe row along the inner side of the organ of Corti, and are relatively scarce. (3,500)

Back 101

inner hair cells

Front 102

three or four rows are ocated on the outer side of the organ of corti, and they are relatively abundant(12,000)

Back 102

outer hair cells

Front 103

is the bundle of nerve fibers that carries info from the inner ear to higher centers of the auditory system.

Back 103

auditory nerve

Front 104

the ascending nerve fibers that carry info from the inner ear to the higher level brain structure are referred to as

Back 104

afferent fibers

Front 105

carry info downward from higher level brain structures to lower level brain structures involved in audition, as well as the hair cells

Back 105

efferent fibers

Front 106

graded potentials which mimic the waveform falling on the ear,

Back 106

cochear microphonic

Front 107

the independent elongation and contraction of the cells

Back 107

motility

Front 108

emissions produced by the ear when no stimulus has been presented

Back 108

spontaneous acoustic emissions

Front 109

phenomemon in which a sound presented to the ear is echoed back

Back 109

evoked acoustic emissions

Front 110

proposes that particular frequencies are encoded at specific locations on the basilar membrance

Back 110

place theory

Front 111

the basilar memberane vibrates at a frequency that matches the frequency of a tone.

Back 111

frequency theory

Front 112

neurons taking a rest after firing

Back 112

refractory period

Front 113

animals are exposed to an extremely high ampitude tone of a particular frequency

Back 113

simulation deafness expirement

Front 114

groups of neurons share in producing the required firing rate
(wever's theory)

Back 114

volley principle

Front 115

corresponds to physical quality of complexity

Back 115

timbre

Front 116

component of complex tone that has the lowest frequency

Back 116

fundamental frequency

Front 117

refers to a complex sound in which the harmonics are present but the fundamental frequency is abscent

Back 117

missing fundamental