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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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evolution, genetics, and physical acitivty |
understand the competing theories of evolution as they pertain to exercise/sedentary behavior and how this influences likelihood to be active |
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most creatures spend their time moving; |
getting food, water staying warm avoiding/evading predators finding/fighting for mates/and or rearing children
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early man spent most of his time moving |
humanity's ancestors lived as hunter-gatherers -they needed to travel distances to get food
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how much activity did our ancestors do? |
no real way of knowing studies= expended more activity vs. industrial societies - different parts of the world have different movement patterns -way of studying movement= bone stiffness, ancient bones suggest stone age humans were more active than modern populations |
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endurance running hypothesis--anatomical evidence |
longer legs--> bigger achille's tendon--> larger gluteal muscles= more stability of running in humans vs. apes
nuchal ligament- holds steady during running sweating- allow humans to run w/o heart dissipation * all provide benefits when running* |
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endurance running hypo.; scaveniging |
getting to a dead animal first-- scientists believe we were scavengers for 1000s of years |
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endurance running hypo.; persistence hunts |
chasing animals until they get overheated--used by some hunter-gatherer societies |
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running, cognition, meat-- did running for hunting make us smarter? |
anatomical adaptions= carnivorous diets more prevalent running= have more meat, protein, fat in their diets--> more complex brain, more growth hunting= communication/coordination--> great brain growth for strategy |
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evolution, exercise, psychology |
adaptive behaviors= reward acute exercise= increase positive mood, and activates reward pathways -running= more endocannaboid levels in species that run -increased endoc..= improve mood
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evolution conclusion; |
we have the ability to run and be active, and there may be evolutionarily adaptive reasons for our brains rewarding us for this behavior |
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problems with "born to run" hypothesis |
humans= anatomical features with running have benefits other than running -just because we can run doesn't mean we born to run! -evidence shows persistent hunting was not a characteristic of most HG'S -persistent hunting only done 1/2 times per week in common practicers |
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what did our ancestors do other than run/hunt? |
INSERT |
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characteristics of hunter-gatherer activities |
low to moderate intensity activities--walking -variety of low, moderate, vigorous activities each week rather than the same thing everyday -pattern of bursts of activity throughout the day w/ rest -highly social/interactive, goal directed |
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hunter gatherer hypothesis; |
activities more closely resemble hunting AND gathering activities featuring primarily low to moderate intensities and durations have both physically and pyschologically shaped human emotion |
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some evidence to support the HG theory |
children and adults in rural africa spend less time in moderate to vigorous physical activity but more tome in light physical activity - NONE of the african children reached recommended levels of MVPA for western children, but none were unhealthy/obese either |
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psychological evidence for HG theory |
activities of low/moderation duration and intensity= largest increase in positive mood -higher intensity= decreases adherence and results in completion of less exercise -drop out rates moderate (25-35%) vs. vigorous (50% a year) |
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evolution, exercise, and endocannabinoids |
acute exercise increases= blood endo. levels in humans mostly at low--> moderate intensities |
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evolution, exercise, & the anthropological hypothesis of depression |
100000s ancestors were physically active -w/ in the last 50-75 yrs humans perform less activity in order to survive -humans designed to be active--> being in active can facilitate depression--ex. depression increase in 20th century
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exercise boredom-- another evolutionary side-effect? |
many people say they don't exercise cause they get bored -our ancestors goals were to get food, etc. goal oriented-- not to get fit **when physical activity is not social-goal directed, the exerciser may not be intellectually stimulated** |
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energy conversation--thrifty metabolism |
most creatures are wired to cope with food deficits rather than food surpluses |
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inactivity and the thrifty genes hypothesis hypothesis; |
the flip side of the activity equation |
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exercise adherence? |
may be difficult when we are more used to conserving energy than expending it -low to moderate exercise is rewarding, NOT exercising is not UN rewarding -conserving energy by being inactive can be rewarding -mediation techniques promote relaxation/non activity--> increase dopamine release |
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exercise adherence may go against; |
bodys metabolic need for parsimony |
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how do we get around exercise adherence? |
we need to get back in touch with our "inner hunter & gatherer"
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how to see a HG? |
watch some kids -kids vary between light/moderate/intense activity in their play -kids rest/sleep when their tired -kids spend most of their play time in social play in small/lrg groups in games requiring skill -kids engage in variety of activity with components-- endurance, speed, resistance, etc. |
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genetics of physical activity |
variation in physical activity is inherited -lrg differences between studies may reflect differences in population characteristics or study |
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genetics & types of physical activity; obligatory activity |
activity that is required for the continued survival of the organism or the species
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genetics & types of physical activity; non-obligatory activity |
activity that is not required for the continued survival of the organism ** obligatory activities typically have a larger biological and genetic component because they are necessary for continued survival |
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key point about the hypothalamus: |
involved with all obligatory behaviors |
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hypothalamus |
part of the forebrain -temperature, energy/hunger levels, thirst, light -connect to prefrontal cortex |
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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
receives input about light and circadian cues and increases physical activity during daylight hours |
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median pre-optic area (MPO) |
receives input about body temperature and hydration and inversely physical activity
** less is known about how genes in these areas influence physical activity behavior** |
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lateral hypothalamus |
hunger/thirst -increased in getting food/water, lesions decrease these activities |
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ventromedial hypothalamus |
satiety circuit -increase activity in response to high fat meal -lesions= decrease activity to burn calories |
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LH & VMH study |
mutations to genes in these pathways often produce decrease in activity and increase obesity in mice and may in humans too
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nigrostriatal pathway |
activates voluntary movement and inhibits involuntary movement through striatum in the basal ganglia |
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mesolimibic pathway |
anticipation of reward/pleasure through release of dopamine into neurons in the nucleus accumbens |
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mesocortical tract |
connects dopamine reward pathway with the prefrontal cortex |
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nigro pathway & voluntary physical activity |
genetic defects in dopamine result in decreased voluntary movement= parkinsons -excessive dopamine= hyperactivity in activity-based anorexia (ABA)--> weight loss from excessive exercise |
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chronic exercise & the mesolimbic pathway |
chronic exercise increase activation in uncles accumbent neurons & dopamine synthesis -overweight women show decreased activation of the nucleus accumbent brain region when shown pictures of exercise than lean women ** rewarding effects of exercise may be much greater in trained individuals than in sedentary or inexperienced exercisers** |
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mesolimbic, mesocortical pathway & voluntary physical activity tests: |
lesions to nucleus accumbens decrease locomotor activity, especially in response to food (rewarding cues) -rodents bred to be highly active-- high dopamine levels but reduced dopamine receptor in N.A. -variations in DRD1/DRD2 receptors are associated with difference in physical activity in humans
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DRD7R gene; |
associated with lower mesocortial dopamine signaling -greater physical activity -greater migratory behavior in HG -greater risk of hyperactivity-- ADHD |
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physical activity and sex hormones |
self report/obj. measures= men are more physically active vs. women -environmental component= sweating considered not feminine -genetic/biological component= conserve energy for bearing, nursing, and rearing children |
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amygdala |
part of limbic system that regulates negative emotional responses to fearful unpleasant internal/external stimuli |
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harmful/unpleasant stumble are determined by the sensory input and ..... |
insular cortex
-messages sent to hypothalamus--> produce avoidance behaviors-- fight/flight |
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most creatures will try to... |
minimize activation of the amygdala and fear/avoidance pathway |
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exercise may increase... |
insula/amygdala activation if it is unpleasant or painful such as it is for sedentary or inexperienced exercisers |
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physical activity and sex hormones |
hypothesis= estrogen decreases physical activity, testosterone increase it, or both?? -menstrual cycle, menopause, estrogen replacement therapy= women have been equivocal -estrogen was inversely and tester one levels were directly associated with women |
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performance genes/exercise adherence |
2 versions of ACE gene found in humans; the "I" and "D" allele I- associated with lower BP, lower ACE activity, greater endurance exercise performance, greater adherence to endurance training program
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ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) |
enzyme that activates angiotensin, and increased BP |
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ACTN3 R |
other gene variant -greater performance in power sports like weight lifting |
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REMEMBER WHAT??? |
BIOLOGY, GENETICS, AND EVOLUTION IS NOT DESTINY!!!! -humans have free will--our emotions and cognitions allow us to choose paths beyond our genes |
