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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is evolutionary theory?
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All organisms are part of a lengthy process of modification from simple to complex forms.
* Some forms have continued to stay the same for millions of years due to them being efficient already. |
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Variation and selection
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Features that helped an organisms survive and reproduce are referred to as adaptations.
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Popular Genetics Model of Evolution
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This is a form of Neo-darwinian synthesis. It is basically the combination of Mandel and Darwins theories.
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Statistical Model
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Was to assume reliable development and to therefore remove development from evolution. They have begun to reintegrate it back into evolution.
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What are the 3 main approaches and psychology??
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1) Evolutionary psychology: our basic psychology is a set of adaptations from our hunter and gatherer days.
2) Human Behaviour Ecology: Focus on current adaptive responses to current environment. 3) Gene-Culture Co-Evolution:Social learning and adaptations for social learning play an important and unrecognized role in evolutionary processes ** All 3 are based on the meta theory: Neo-darwinian modern synthesis and it's Popular genetics model of evolution |
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Why the new meta-theory?
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There have been new findings and theories.
• Horizontal versus vertical gene transfer • Epigenetic inheritance • Developmental systems views of evolution • Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) |
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What are some of the facts before Darwin's time?
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Biologists knew:
• Primates had 5-digits on each hand and wings were similar to seal flippers. • Embryological development starts off very similar in very different species. • Species seem to have features with purpose. • Fossil records that showed similarity over time. |
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Who were evolutionists before Darwin?
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• Erasmus Darwin: "everything from shells"
• Lamarck: "The inheritance of acquired characteristics". • Cuvier: "catastrophe" species wiped out • Malthus: essay on the Principle of Population; about survival of the fittest. |
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Variation
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There are subtle differences in the characteristics of organisms.
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Inheritance
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Minor differences are passed onto offspring.
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Competition
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certain characteristics that are passed on can increase or decrease survival. Characteristics that increase reproduction will be more common due to more breeding.
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Natural Selection
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Characteristics that are beneficial and increase survival/reproduction will be passed on and become more common in the population.
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Phylogeny
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A diagram showing the family tree or pattern of ancestral relationships between several different species. Usually shows similarity in genes.
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What is Adaptation? What are the two types??
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def: an inherited characteristic that increased an organism’s survival and reproduction in a local circumstance
1) Modification through decent: (homologies) •Certain species have similar structures and this indicates that we may have come from similar decent. 2) Convergent Evolution: (analogy) organisms put in particular stresses and they all come up with the same solutions to adapt to their problems. |
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What are Exaptations?
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an evolutionary process in which a given adaptation is first naturally selected for, and subsequently used by the organism for something other than its original, intended purpose
•Spandrels: Doesn't have a direct adaptive purpose. e.g chin. •Preadaptations: Something is used in a new way that is different than it was initially meant to. Eg. feathers flying/insolation. |
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What is the definition of Theory?
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•Describes some observable event
• Tries to explain how and why it is occurs •Leads to testable hypotheses |
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Empiricism and rationalism
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Empiricism: Observation. To know something is to have experience with it.
Rationalism: Deduction. Experience alone isn't enough to understand a phenomenon. |
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Reductionism and Determinism
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Reductionism: The idea that you want to understand something into smaller ideas. You can't reduce evolution.
Determinism: If you want to understand something you want to look at it through its prior causes. |
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Genocentric VS Systems view
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Genocentric:The behavior engaged in by family members attributing the genetric traits of an offspring to their own genetic pool.
Systems View: Things can not be broken down into simple explanations for evolution. Yes, genes are important, but they are not the only role. |
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What are the misconceptions about Evolution?
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Nettle:
•Evolution “just a theory” •There are gaps in the record •Living things arose by chance • It is not relevant to the present Buss •If it is evolved, we can’t change it •Current mechanisms are optimally designed • Behaviour is genetically determined |
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Buss (2011) claims “Evolutionary psychology represents a truly interactionalist framework. Human behaviour cannot occur without two ingredients":
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(1) evolved mechanisms
(2) environmental input that triggers the development and activation of these adaptations. Consider calluses as an illustration. |
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What makes an anatomically modern human?
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•Greater brain size
•Greater brain plasticity •Meat eating •Complex tool use •Learning niche •Sophisticated language •Life history -Extrauterine year -Extended childhood -Increased longevity |
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What are the two theories about Human Origin?
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1) Out of Africa theory
2) Multiregional theory |
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What is the Out of Africa theory?
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•we all descended from a small group of Africans that migrated out of Africa about 60,000 years ago
•This group outcompeted and replaced other humans (i.e., Homo erectus, Neanderthals) • Has the most support. |
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What did Svante Pääbo find in his theory?
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-Anyone of non-African ancestry currently carries 1 to 4 per cent Neanderthal DNA
-But vast majority of genetic similarity comes “Out of Africa” |
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When is global population expected to peak?
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In the year 2050 at 9 billion
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How is biological evolution speeding up?
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-population increase
-spreading of civilization -cultural innovation Evolutionary psychology perspective: Human psychology hasn't changed in the past few hundred years compared to our ancestors |
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Purifying genetic selection Vs. positive genetic selection
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purifying genetic selection: It keeps things fixed and preserved for the basic way that people come. Any new mutations that come along are screened out.
VS. positive genetic selection: Increasing frquencey of a particular alleles in a particular population. When something increases to 100% of the population it is considered to be Fixed. |
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What are the 3 sorts of evidence for pace?
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•Purifying genetic selection Vs. positive genetic selection
•Phenotypic selection (genetic or not?) •Genotype-phenotype correlations |
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Explain the situation of 7R+ and 7R- Genotype-phenotype correlations
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7R- is a protective factor when you're in a settled population.
7R+ is protective in a nomadic population. It helps to keep your BMI at a decent level in both situations, but the + or - varies due to environment, and each thrives better in different environments. |
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What is Evoked vs. Transmitted Culture
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•Evoked: will activate a particular genetic program over another.
*Caused by ‘cognitive adaptations’ =Evolution and psychology •Transmitted culture: involves learning from more expert members of a culture (conspecifics: peers caregivers, etc.) *Caused by ‘social learning’ =gene-culture co-evolution |
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What is Co-eveolution?
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mechanisms in social learning that help train you to be able to adapt to things.
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Tinbergen's 4 questions
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1)Proximate causation (immediate causes)
2) Ultimate causation (adaptive function) 3) Ontogeny (development) 4) Phylogeny (evolutionary history) Reason: People tend to focus on the "how" and neglect the "why" |
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What are the sources of genetic variation?
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1. sexual reproduction: Each parent gives a copy of 23 chromosomes. = 64,000,000,000,000 genotypes.
2. Recombination: paired chromosomes can exchange DNA during meiosis. 3. Genetic Linkage: All genes in one chromosome are liked- can be broken by recombination. 4. Mutations: 5. polymorphisms: more than 1 allele for a gene exists > 1% of population. |
